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Modern ground forces vary widely in technology and integration. Many large armies still field mostly older-generation equipment, while a few advanced militaries have upgraded significant portions of their troops with cutting-edge gear. The generation classification (1st to 5th) refers to the typical equipment and integration level of the soldiers: • 1st
Capability Ratings
💡 Cybersecurity has become one of the defining arenas of national power, shaping how states protect themselves, project influence, and prepare for future threats. The Cyber – Capability Ratings by the Global Institute for National Capability (GINC) explore both the offensive and defensive dimensions of this domain, placing them within the wider
What is power? In international relations and strategy, this question has been asked for centuries. Classical realists such as Hans Morgenthau described power as the sum of tangible and intangible elements — from geography and natural resources to morale and governance. Later, Joseph Nye introduced the notion of “hard” and “soft”
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The Global Institute for National Capability (GINC) conducts national assessments on 100+ capabilities for 150+ countries and territories.
National Capability Framework
When evaluating the history of national capability, the first challenge is definitional: what counts as a “nation”? The modern nation-state is only a few centuries old. Before that, power was expressed through empires, kingdoms, dynasties, city-states, and religious or tribal confederations. This means that any assessment of capability across two
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Strategic bombers are long-range heavy aircraft designed to deliver large payloads of weapons (conventional or nuclear) over intercontinental distances . Since their rise to prominence in the mid-20th century, they have been pivotal tools of military strategy – from the massive area bombardments of WWII to the nuclear deterrence patrols of the
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