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# 100 National AI Strategies / 2027 Update
- URL: https://www.ginc.org/100-national-ai-strategies-2027-update/
- Published: 2026-10-07T16:51:17.000Z
- Updated: 2026-10-29T11:58:07.000Z
- Author: Global Institute for National Capability
- Tags: Artificial Intelligence, Insights

QUICK TAKE · AI Summary 

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Since 2019, I've been tracking and reporting on National AI Strategies. This 2026 update now includes 80 National AI Strategies.  

In 2026 the first post-generative-AI wave of national strategies has landed. Of the 39 retained countries from the 2025 edition, 14 have since issued a new primary strategy, plan or statute, 21 have materially updated their programmes and four stand on the same documents. A further 41 countries with government-adopted national AI strategies are added to the index, taking the total to 80.

The leaders have moved from strategy to statute and capacity. The US has layered the Genesis Mission and a federal pre-emption order on its 2025 Action Plan; China's 'AI Plus' Opinions and 15th Five-Year Plan set adoption targets to 2035; the UK, France and Singapore have refreshed plans and committed public compute money measured in billions, alongside much larger private pledges.

Compute and national capability now define the second tier. Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Canada, Sweden, Malaysia, Vietnam, Türkiye, Israel, Mexico, Australia and the Netherlands all issued new primary documents between August 2025 and October 2026, most of them built around national compute, domestic language models and a dedicated AI agency or minister.

Regulation has split three ways. The EU delayed its high-risk obligations to 2027–28 through the EU Digital Omnibus on AI; South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, Italy, Poland and Kazakhstan have enacted general-purpose AI statutes with developer obligations since 2024 (Peru's Law 31814 of 2023 is a public-sector statute and is not in this list); the US, Australia, Canada and India chose promotion-first frameworks and safety institutes over binding statutes; Japan sits between them with a promotion statute that imposes no obligations.

![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/21/72/21722704-b926-4123-9487-66da96e944be/content/images/2026/10/ginc-100-national-ai-strategies-portrait--1-.png)

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## Introduction

Artificial intelligence is now a stated priority of government in every region of the world. When GINC reviewed 40 national AI strategies in August 2025, most major economies were refreshing plans written before the generative AI boom. Fourteen months later the refresh has largely happened. Forty countries were reviewed in August 2025, 39 retained (North Korea no longer counted). Of those 39, 14 have published a new primary strategy, plan or statute, 21 have materially updated their programmes and four stand on the same documents. This edition adds 41 countries whose governments have adopted national AI strategies, taking the total counted to 80.

Three shifts stand out. First, strategy has hardened into law and institutions. South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, Italy, Poland and Kazakhstan have enacted general-purpose AI statutes with developer obligations since 2024; Peru's Law 31814 (2023) binds the public sector only and is kept out of that list; Japan has a promotion statute that creates duties for government rather than for developers. Eleven countries (Canada, Germany, Ireland, Kazakhstan, Israel, Malaysia, Qatar, Ghana, Rwanda, Russia and South Korea) have created ministers, directorates, agencies or presidential committees for AI since 2025; Iran's bill for a National AI Organisation has not been enacted and is not counted. Second, national compute has become the core of almost every plan: gigawatt-scale campuses announced in the Gulf, EU 'AI Gigafactory' bids, national supercomputers planned or commissioned in Mexico, Israel, Denmark and the UK and subsidised GPU pools in India and South Korea. Most of this is announced rather than commissioned capacity; the section on Announced Compute separates the two. Third, governments are building or sponsoring their own language models (ALIA, Amália, ThaiLLM, Karnak, BelMasry and the Swedish, Danish and Vietnamese programmes) as a matter of linguistic and strategic autonomy.

The regulatory map has fractured rather than converged. The EU AI Act's general-purpose model obligations took effect on 2 August 2025, but the EU Digital Omnibus on AI, in force from 27 July 2026, pushed high-risk obligations to December 2027 and August 2028\. The United States has gone the other way, with Executive Order 14365 (December 2025) seeking to override state AI laws, while Australia, Canada and India have opted for promotion-led frameworks and new safety institutes instead of comprehensive statutes. Between these poles, a cluster of middle powers (South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, Kazakhstan) has written its own national AI laws, most with risk tiers and labelling rules that borrow from Brussels but are enforced more lightly; Italy and Poland, bound by the AI Act, have passed national implementing statutes with their own additions.

International governance has multiplied. The India AI Impact Summit (February 2026) produced the New Delhi Declaration, the UN seated its Independent International Scientific Panel on AI and held the first Global Dialogue on AI Governance in Geneva (July 2026), the AI Safety Institute network renamed itself around measurement and evaluation science and China launched the World AI Cooperation Organization in Shanghai. Geopolitics, export controls and chip access now shape national AI strategy as much as research strength or talent.

Figure 1.1 National AI Strategies

![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/21/72/21722704-b926-4123-9487-66da96e944be/content/images/2026/10/ginc-anatomy-ai-strategies-heatmap-portrait-1.png)

## Text for the 2026 Graphic

Title: 80 National Artificial Intelligence Strategies. Global Institute for National Capability (GINC), October 2026

Caption: Countries with a government-adopted national AI strategy, plan or statute with a public document, grouped by region. Dark shading marks a new primary document issued since August 2025; mid shading marks a material update; light shading marks an unchanged strategy; outlined shading marks the 41 countries new to the index in 2026\. North Korea is hatched: no published strategy, not counted.

Count line: 40 reviewed in 2025, 39 retained, 80 in 2026 (80 countries, 79 public documents; Finland is retained as a functional equivalent). New primary documents 14, updated 21, unchanged 4, added 41.

Region labels and counts for the map legend

| Region                       | Countries                                                                                                                                                                 | Count |
| ---------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----- |
| Global Leaders               | US, China, UK, France, Singapore                                                                                                                                          | 5     |
| Europe and Canada            | Canada, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Ireland, Portugal, Poland, Czechia, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Luxembourg, Malta, Slovenia, Belgium, Cyprus, Serbia, Bulgaria | 19    |
| Nordic–Baltic                | Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Iceland                                                                                                                        | 6     |
| Indo-Pacific                 | Australia, India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, New Zealand, Pakistan, Nepal (North Korea hatched)                                                                          | 8     |
| Eurasia                      | Russia, Türkiye, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan                                                                                                              | 6     |
| Southeast Asia               | Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam                                                                                                                       | 5     |
| Middle East and North Africa | Saudi Arabia, UAE, Israel, Iran, Egypt, Qatar, Oman, Jordan, Morocco                                                                                                      | 9     |
| Latin America                | Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Brazil, Uruguay, Peru, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Panama, Cuba                                                          | 12    |
| Sub-Saharan Africa           | Nigeria, South Africa, Kenya, Ghana, Ethiopia, Zambia, Benin, Senegal, Rwanda, Mauritius                                                                                  | 10    |

Footnote for the graphic: Canada is grouped with Europe as a G7 member for continuity with the 2025 edition. The counting rule and the list of countries considered but not counted are in the Notes.

## Global Leaders

The five Global Leaders still set the pace, but the character of their leadership has changed since 2025\. Each now runs a standing programme rather than a periodic strategy: the US through executive orders and the Genesis Mission, China through the 'AI Plus' campaign and the Five-Year Plan, the UK through an annually reported Action Plan and Compute Roadmap, France through successive France 2030 tranches and Singapore through a refreshed priority list reviewed each year. Dual-use risk, export controls and chip access are central to all five, and the US and UK run dedicated safety and security institutes.

The competition has shifted from frameworks to physical capacity, though most of that capacity is still committed rather than built. The UK's Compute Roadmap, France's Gigafactory bid, Singapore's second data-centre call and China's 15th Five-Year Plan chip priorities all target the same bottleneck. Diplomatically the group has split: the UK coordinates the renamed International Network for Advanced AI Measurement, Evaluation and Science, of which the US is one of ten members, China has created a World AI Cooperation Organization aimed at the Global South, and France and Singapore position themselves as bridges.

🇺🇸 **United States**. [America's AI Action Plan (July 2025)](https://www.ai.gov/action-plan?ref=ginc.org) remains the governing strategy. The administration has added the [Genesis Mission](https://www.whitehouse.gov/releases/2025/11/president-trump-launches-the-genesis-mission-to-accelerate-ai-for-scientific-discovery?ref=ginc.org), a Department of Energy AI-for-science platform that by July 2026 reported more than US$5 billion (commitment) across 278 projects, and Executive Order 14365 (December 2025), which directs the Justice Department to challenge state AI laws. Federal pre-emption legislation has stalled; California's SB 53 is in force, while [Colorado's AI Act was stripped back and delayed to 1 January 2027](https://epic.org/colorado-legislature-again-amends-landmark-ai-law/?ref=ginc.org).

🇨🇳 **China** – NEW DOCUMENT. The State Council's [Opinions on Deepening the 'AI Plus' Initiative (August 2025)](https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/202508/content%5F7037861.htm?ref=ginc.org) ([CSET translation](https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/china-ai-plus-opinions-2025/?ref=ginc.org)) now sit on top of the 2017 New Generation AI Development Plan as the primary national document, targeting 70 per cent penetration of intelligent agents and smart terminals by 2027, 90 per cent by 2030 and a fully intelligent economy by 2035\. The 15th Five-Year Plan (March 2026) carries the AI Plus agenda into chips, compute and industrial software, and the Shanghai-based World AI Cooperation Organization (July 2026) extends Beijing's governance offer abroad.

🇬🇧 **United Kingdom** – UPDATED. The [AI Opportunities Action Plan (January 2025)](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-opportunities-action-plan?ref=ginc.org) superseded the 2021 National AI Strategy; its [One Year On report (January 2026)](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-opportunities-action-plan-one-year-on/ai-opportunities-action-plan-one-year-on?ref=ginc.org) counted 38 of 50 actions met. The [UK Compute Roadmap](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-compute-roadmap/uk-compute-roadmap?ref=ginc.org) sets an envelope of up to £2 billion of public money to 2030, of which over £1 billion funds a 20-fold expansion of the AI Research Resource, with up to £750 million for an Edinburgh supercomputer and up to £500 million for a Sovereign AI Unit. The September 2025 Tech Prosperity Deal drew £31 billion of private US hyperscaler pledges, and the AI Security Institute reports over 100 researchers.

🇫🇷 **France** – UPDATED. The [Stratégie nationale pour l'IA](https://www.entreprises.gouv.fr/fr/numerique/enjeux/la-strategie-nationale-pour-l-ia?ref=ginc.org) continues under France 2030, with the February 2025 AI Action Summit's €109 billion of investment pledges, largely private and foreign, as its headline number. The July 2025 'Osez l'IA' plan targets 80 per cent SME adoption by 2030, and on 16 June 2026 the Lecornu government's [AI-in-government announcements](https://www.info.gouv.fr/actualite/accelerer-l-ia-dans-l-etat-et-au-service-des-francais?ref=ginc.org) added a €655 million France 2030 commitment and 'L'Assistant', a single conversational agent planned for all public-sector staff by end-2026\. On 30 July 2026 France declared its [candidacy to host an EU AI Gigafactory](https://www.info.gouv.fr/actualite/la-france-candidate-pour-accueillir-une-ai-gigafactory-europeenne-un-engagement-strategique-pour-la-souverainete-numerique?ref=ginc.org). No standalone 2026 strategy document has been issued.

🇸🇬 **Singapore** – NEW DOCUMENT. The [Update to NAIS (May 2026)](https://www.mddi.gov.sg/newsroom/update-to-singapore-s-national-ai-strategy--refreshed-priorities-to-harness-ai-for-the-public-good-factsheet/?ref=ginc.org), listed by Smart Nation as a strategy document in its own right beside [National AI Strategy 2.0 (2023)](https://www.smartnation.gov.sg/initiatives/National-AI-Strategy?ref=ginc.org), sets ten refreshed priorities, from sectoral AI Missions to resource-efficient compute and trusted governance. It is backed by a National AI R&D Plan of more than S$1 billion (January 2026, public commitment), the first Model AI Governance Framework for Agentic AI (Davos, January 2026), the ASPIRE 2B supercomputer and national partnerships with Google and OpenAI, the latter a private commitment of S$300 million.

## Europe and Canada

Europe's strategies have moved from alignment with the AI Act to competition for capacity under it. The European Commission's AI Continent Action Plan (April 2025) and Apply AI Strategy (October 2025) set the policy frame; the money sits in the EuroHPC AI Gigafactories call, which offers up to €10 billion of public funding against a 12 November 2026 bid deadline, and in a separate envelope for the 19 AI Factories already selected. Germany, France, Portugal and Spain are among the declared bidders. The EU Digital Omnibus on AI deferral of the Act's high-risk obligations, described in the Introduction, has eased pressure on national implementation laws, though Italy and Poland have already passed theirs.

The national pattern is mixed. Canada, Ireland, Portugal, Slovenia and the Netherlands published fresh documents in 2026; Italy passed the first EU member-state organic AI law adapting to the AI Act and Poland followed; Germany folded AI into a Hightech Agenda; Hungary adopted a new strategy in September 2025; Poland is mid-way through replacing its strategy. Austria, Czechia, Romania, Luxembourg, Malta, Cyprus, Serbia and Bulgaria stand on documents adopted between 2019 and 2025 without new institutions. Fourteen European countries that were absent from the 2025 edition are added here; Belgium's updated plan is in draft and Cyprus's successor strategy is in consultation.

🇨🇦 **Canada** – NEW DOCUMENT. [AI for All (June 2026)](https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ised/en/canadas-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy-ai-all?ref=ginc.org) builds on the Pan-Canadian AI Strategy as the national framework and is the first under a dedicated Minister of AI. It commits [more than C$2.3 billion](https://kpmg.com/ca/en/insights/2026/06/canadian-national-ai-strategy-ai-for-all.html?ref=ginc.org) (commitment), including a C$700 million Compute Access Fund, C$500 million each for a Tech Growth Fund and the Regional AI Initiative and C$50 million for the AI Safety Institute, targets 850 MW of domestic compute by 2030 and drops omnibus AI legislation for targeted rules. The C$2.3 billion total and the 850 MW figure rest on KPMG's summary of the strategy.

🇩🇪 **Germany** – UPDATED. The [Hightech Agenda Deutschland (July 2025)](https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/hightech-agenda-deutschland-2366912?ref=ginc.org) carries AI policy in place of the 2020 strategy and a domestic AI Gigafactory; the [AI Roadmap 1.0 (May 2026)](https://hightech-agenda-deutschland.de/fileadmin/Redaktion/Media%5FKit/Roadmaps%5FPDF/HTAD-Roadmap1.0%5FKuenstliche-Intelligenz.pdf?ref=ginc.org) targets 10 per cent of economic output generated on an AI basis by 2030 and lists measures 'subject to available budgetary funds', with no envelope stated. The [National Data Centre Strategy (18 March 2026)](https://silicon-saxony.de/en/bmds-federal-government-adopts-data-center-strategy/?ref=ginc.org) targets a quadrupling of AI and high-performance compute by 2030 (target), and the July 2026 AI Act implementation law makes the Bundesnetzagentur the national AI supervisor.

🇮🇹 **Italy** – UPDATED. The [Italian Strategy for AI 2024–2026](https://www.agid.gov.it/sites/agid/files/2024-07/Italian%5Fstrategy%5Ffor%5Fartificial%5Fintelligence%5F2024-2026.pdf?ref=ginc.org) is now backed by [Law 132/2025](https://www.aoshearman.com/it-it/insights/law-no-132-of-23-september-2025-italys-leadership-in-national-ai-regulation?ref=ginc.org), the first EU member-state organic AI law adapting to the AI Act, which designates AgID and ACN as authorities, unlocks a €1 billion CDP venture envelope and creates a deepfake offence. A [committee of 13 experts under coordinator Gianluigi Greco](https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/l-ai-entra-nella-stanza-dei-bottoni-cosi-palazzo-chigi-riscrive-la-strategia-nazionale-con-la-difesa-202606091418228724?ref=ginc.org), appointed in May 2026, is drafting the 2026–2028 strategy under official secrecy, with the Ministry of Defence at the table because the law requires it for dual-use systems; the committee's mandate runs to 31 January 2027.

🇳🇱 **Netherlands** – NEW DOCUMENT. The cabinet published an [International AI Strategy (July 2026)](https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2026/07/03/kabinet-presenteert-internationale-strategie-voor-veilige-en-verantwoorde-ai-transitie?ref=ginc.org) built on EU rule-shaping, like-minded coalitions and European capacity, alongside the 2024 Government-wide Vision on Generative AI. Domestically the €200 million Groningen AI Factory, originally due at full capacity in early 2027 and now expected to be installed in autumn 2027 and fully operational at end-2027 or early 2028 as GPU costs rise, and a [€114 million IPCEI AI call](https://www.hezelburcht.com/nieuws/ipcei-opent-nieuwe-ai-openstelling-met-e-114-miljoen-voor-nederlandse-ai-projecten/?ref=ginc.org) opening on 5 October 2026 define the agenda; the International AI Strategy is treated as the primary document because there is no single domestic AI strategy.

🇪🇸 **Spain** – UPDATED. The [Estrategia de Inteligencia Artificial 2024](https://espanadigital.gob.es/estrategia-de-inteligencia-artificial-2024?ref=ginc.org), with a €1.5 billion public envelope, remains the operative document, and on 21 September 2026 Prime Minister Sánchez presented [Plan IA360](https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/presidente/news/paginas/2026/20260921-ia360-plan-presentation.aspx?ref=ginc.org), a 12-month roadmap with an AI Gigafactory bid, an AI voucher for firms and a 50 per cent business-adoption target by 2030\. Delivery since mid-2025 has included the ALIA open language-model family, €180 million of Red IA business and health grants, a functioning AESIA supervisor (the EU's first) and a forthcoming royal decree on data-centre sustainability.

🇮🇪 **Ireland** – NEW (added 2026). [Digital Ireland: Connecting our People, Securing our Future (February 2026)](https://www.gov.ie/ga/roinn-an-taoisigh/preaseisiuinti/government-publishes-new-digital-ai-strategy-90-actions-to-strengthen-irelands-position-as-a-digital-leader-and-ai-hub?ref=ginc.org) is a whole-of-government digital and AI strategy with 90 actions to 2030, an AI Office of Ireland, a regulatory sandbox and fully digital public services. It builds on, rather than formally replacing, the 2024 refresh of AI: Here for Good, which remains the AI-specific strategy. The strategy defers data-centre energy to the [Large Energy User Action Plan (January 2026)](https://www.donegallive.ie/national/government-launches-plan-to-encourage-development-of-data-centres-6655310?ref=ginc.org) and to CRU connection rules that require new data centres to bring their own generation, which GINC regards as the binding constraint on Ireland's role as an AI hub.

🇵🇹 **Portugal** – NEW (added 2026). The [Agenda Nacional de Inteligência Artificial 2026–2030 (January 2026)](https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/resolucao-conselho-ministros/2-2026-1000882016?ref=ginc.org), adopted by Council of Ministers Resolution 2/2026, carries an envelope of [more than €400 million to 2030, mostly EU funds](https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/economia/agenda-nacional-de-ia-tem-investimento-acima-de-400-milhoes-de-euros-ate-2030%5Fn1708609?ref=ginc.org), backs a Gigafactory bid led by Banco Português de Fomento and sets a productivity-convergence goal. The [Amália Portuguese-language model](https://eco.sapo.pt/2026/07/01/investimento-no-amalia-sobe-para-sete-milhoes-de-euros-montenegro-diz-que-o-governo-nao-esta-a-festejar-nada/?ref=ginc.org), a PRR-funded university project whose investment rose to €7 million, was presented on 1 July 2026 as an open-source model of 9 billion parameters, to grow to 22 billion.

🇵🇱 **Poland** – NEW (added 2026). The 2020 Policy for AI Development remains formally in force. A revised draft [Policy for AI Development in Poland to 2030](https://www.gov.pl/web/cyfryzacja/projekt-uchwaly-rady-ministrow-w-sprawie-ustanowienia-polityki-rozwoju-sztucznej-inteligencji-w-polsce-do-2030-roku-id260?ref=ginc.org) was published in November 2025 and the formal draft Council of Ministers resolution is dated 15 April 2026; adoption is pending. Separately, Poland's [Act on Artificial Intelligence Systems](https://digitalpolicyalert.org/event/42752-act-on-artificial-intelligence-systems-entered-into-force-with-grace-period-act-no-1003?ref=ginc.org) was published on 27 July 2026 and enters into force in stages, with [supervision, proceedings and penalty provisions applying from 28 October 2026](https://akademialtca.pl/blog/polska-ustawa-o-ai-juz-obowiazuje-co-powinna-wiedziec-firma-korzystajaca-ze-sztucznej-inteligencji?ref=ginc.org); it creates the KRiBSI commission as national AI supervisor.

🇨🇿 **Czechia** – NEW (added 2026). The [National AI Strategy of the Czech Republic 2030](https://www.lupa.cz/aktuality/projekty-za-19-miliard-cesko-ma-novou-narodni-strategii-umele-inteligence/?ref=ginc.org), approved by the government on 24 July 2024, sets seven priority areas to 2030; its annual action plan carries planned project investment of roughly CZK 19 billion (projection), a figure for the plan rather than an envelope for the strategy.

🇦🇹 **Austria** – NEW (added 2026). [AI Mission Austria 2030 (2021)](https://oecd.ai/en/dashboards/policy-initiatives/ai-mission-austria-2030-2791?ref=ginc.org) is the standing document; a new adaptive strategy has been commissioned for the first half of 2027.

🇭🇺 **Hungary** – NEW (added 2026). The renewed [AI Strategy (3 September 2025)](https://cms.law/en/hun/legal-updates/hungary-announces-new-ai-strategy-and-regulation-plans?ref=ginc.org) sets six pillars. [Government Resolution 1406/2025](https://regulations.ai/regulations/RAI-HU-NA-GRMSDXX-2025?ref=ginc.org) requires every ministry to appoint an AI commissioner by 31 March 2026 under the government AI commissioner, and a [Hungarian AI Council was established on 15 December 2025](https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/artificial-intelligence-2026/hungary/trends-and-developments?ref=ginc.org). The Tisza government has not replaced the strategy; its [Minister of Science and Technology, Zoltán Tanács](https://infostart.hu/belfold/2026/05/12/megalakult-a-tisza-kormany-sulyok-tamas-atadta-a-miniszterek-kinevezeset?ref=ginc.org), has [promised a personal AI assistant for every citizen](https://dailynewshungary.com/it/?p=790416&ref=ginc.org), with no budget stated, and on 29 July 2026 [announced an RRF-funded AI programme of about €500 million](https://www.economx.hu/mesterseges-intelligencia/tanacs-zoltan-mesterseges-intelligencia-tisza-kormany-ai-act-open-ai/?ref=ginc.org) including a stake in an EU AI Gigafactory.

🇷🇴 **Romania** – NEW (added 2026). The [National AI Strategy 2024–2027 (July 2024)](https://tribunainvatamantului.ro/strategia-nationala-privind-inteligenta-artificiala-a-fost-adoptata/?ref=ginc.org), adopted by Government Decision 832/2024, is overseen by an interministerial commission.

🇱🇺 **Luxembourg** – NEW (added 2026). [Luxembourg's AI Strategy (May 2025)](https://gouvernement.lu/de/publications/rapport-etude-analyse/minist-digitalisation/2025-luxembourg-ai-strategy.html?ref=ginc.org) sits alongside national data and quantum strategies and was followed by the AI4LUX adoption campaign in March 2026.

🇲🇹 **Malta** – NEW (added 2026). ['Malta: The Ultimate AI Launchpad' (2019)](https://mdia.gov.mt/national-strategies/malta-ai-strategy-and-vision/2025-strategy-and-vision/?ref=ginc.org) was realigned in November 2025 by the Malta Digital Innovation Authority around 83 measures tied to Malta Vision 2050, after more than 80 per cent of the 2019 measures were executed.

🇸🇮 **Slovenia** – NEW (added 2026). The [National Strategy for AI to 2030 (NsUI 2030)](https://www.gov.si/novice/2026-03-05-vlada-sprejela-nacionalno-strategijo-umetne-inteligence-do-2030-za-suvereno-in-zaupanja-vredno-ui/?ref=ginc.org), adopted by the Government on 5 March 2026 under the Ministry of Digital Transformation, sets five strategic goals and six horizontal building blocks, with funding deferred to action plans. It succeeds the [National Programme for AI to 2025 (NpUI, May 2021)](https://oecd.ai/en/dashboards/policy-initiatives/national-programme-on-artificial-intelligence?ref=ginc.org), which set ten strategic axes; the successor went to [public consultation in November 2025](https://www.gov.si/novice/2025-11-17-javna-obravnava-predloga-nacionalnega-programa-za-umetno-inteligenco-2030-npui-2030/?ref=ginc.org).

🇧🇪 **Belgium** – NEW (added 2026). The federal [National Convergence Plan for the Development of AI (October 2022)](https://bosa.belgium.be/en/themes/digital-administration/digital-strategy-and-policy/national-convergence-plan-development?ref=ginc.org), branded 'Smart AI Nation', was approved by the Council of Ministers with nine objectives and 70 lines of action drawn from existing budgets, alongside separate regional strategies. On 15 September 2026 (reported 16 September) Digitalisation Minister Vanessa Matz [put an updated national AI strategy to coalition partners and the federated entities](https://www.lalibre.be/economie/entreprises-startup/2026/09/16/alors-que-lia-est-au-centre-des-craintes-vanessa-matz-propose-un-plan-dattaque-a-ses-partenaires-ASDMA6CT6RHELLVREZPXDB6SCU/?ref=ginc.org), with regulatory sandboxes and a procurement 'sovereignty grid'; it awaits formal adoption.

🇨🇾 **Cyprus** – NEW (added 2026). The [National AI Strategy (January 2020)](https://ai-watch.ec.europa.eu/countries/cyprus/cyprus-ai-strategy-report%5Fen?ref=ginc.org), approved by the Council of Ministers, is the standing document. A successor [National AI Strategy 2032](https://cyprus-mail.com/2026/07/28/cyprus-ai-strategy-aims-to-reshape-government-and-business?ref=ginc.org), prepared by a National AI Taskforce under the Chief Scientist, proposes a National AI Authority and 75 per cent AI adoption by 2032; its [public consultation](https://ccci.org.cy/?p=38398&ref=ginc.org) closed on 31 August 2026.

🇷🇸 **Serbia** – NEW (added 2026). The [Strategy for the Development of AI 2025–2030 (January 2025)](https://ai.gov.rs/vest/en/1296/serbia-adopts-strategy-for-the-development-of-artificial-intelligence-for-the-period-20252030.php?ref=ginc.org) builds on the [2019 strategy (2020–2025), repealed on 10 January 2025](https://regulations.ai/regulations/RAI-RS-NA-SDAIRXX-2019?ref=ginc.org), and the National AI Platform deployed in 2021 at the Government Data Centre in Kragujevac.

🇧🇬 **Bulgaria** – NEW (added 2026). The [Concept for the Development of AI in Bulgaria until 2030](https://mtc.government.bg/en/category/157/concept-development-artificial-intelligence-bulgaria-until-2030?ref=ginc.org), adopted by the Council of Ministers on 16 December 2020 under the transport and communications ministry, sets [seven objectives](https://ai-watch.ec.europa.eu/countries/bulgaria/bulgaria-ai-strategy-report%5Fen?ref=ginc.org) spanning skills, research, infrastructure, data, financing, public trust and regulation, prioritising agriculture, health and public administration; no budget or action plan has been published.

## Nordic–Baltic

The Nordic–Baltic model of steady, trust-based public-sector AI has acquired a harder economic edge. Sweden published its first full AI strategy in February 2026, Estonia launched Eesti.ai as a Prime Minister-led growth programme and Denmark's government, municipalities and regions have agreed a target of freeing at least 30,000 public-sector positions through AI by 2035\. The common threads are national language models (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic), shared compute (Gefion, LUMI and Finland's Gigafactory bid) and whole-of-population AI skills programmes such as Estonia's AI Leap.

Regulation remains light. Norway's AI Act incorporation slipped to 2027 after the EU Digital Omnibus on AI, Finland governs through its government programme rather than a strategy and Sweden's plan is notable for annual agency follow-up rather than new statute. Iceland joins the group this year; Lithuania's April 2026 guidelines are ministerial and are not counted.

🇩🇰 **Denmark** – UPDATED. The [Strategic Approach to Artificial Intelligence (December 2024)](https://en.digst.dk/digital-governance/new-technologies/danish-strategies-for-artificial-intelligence/?ref=ginc.org) succeeds the 2019 strategy, which the 2025 edition cited, as the operative document, so the flag records a programme change rather than a new document since August 2025\. In [June 2025](https://www.altinget.dk/embedsvaerk/artikel/politisk-enighed-om-nye-maal-kunstig-intelligens-skal-frigoere-mindst-30000-aarsvaerk?ref=ginc.org) government, KL and Danske Regioner agreed that AI should free at least 30,000 full-time positions by 2035\. The [Gefion supercomputer](https://novonordiskfonden.dk/en/news/denmarks-first-ai-supercomputer-is-now-operational/?ref=ginc.org) (1,528 Nvidia H100 GPUs, launched October 2024) is majority foundation-funded with a 15 per cent state stake through EIFO.

🇪🇪 **Estonia** – UPDATED. The [AI and Data Action Plan 2024–2026](https://regulations.ai/regulations/estonia-2024-03-kratt-action-plan-2024-2026?ref=ginc.org), issued by the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications in February 2024, remains the primary document. The [Eesti.ai initiative (January 2026)](https://www.riigikantselei.ee/en/eestiai-initiative?ref=ginc.org), led from the Government Office with an advisory board chaired by Bolt's Markus Villig, is a programme that aims to double the value of Estonian work by 2035\. The [AI Leap programme](https://hm.ee/en/news/estonia-announces-groundbreaking-national-initiative-ai-leap-programme-bring-ai-tools-all?ref=ginc.org) started in September 2025 with 20,000 students and 3,000 teachers and adds 38,000 students and 2,000 teachers in 2026.

🇫🇮 **Finland** – UNCHANGED. Finland has no standalone national AI strategy after the 2017 Age of AI report and the AI 4.0 programme, relying on the government programme, AI Act implementation and infrastructure plays such as LUMI and a [Nokia-coordinated consortium bid for a Gigafactory](https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/finland-aims-to-host-a-european-ai-gigafactory-?ref=ginc.org); it is retained in the count as a functional equivalent, the only such exception (see Notes). In [April 2026](https://valtioneuvosto.fi/-/hallitus-vauhdittaa-tekoalyn-hyodyntamista-julkisessa-hallinnossa?ref=ginc.org) Prime Minister Orpo appointed Arto Tenhunen as investigator for a study on fast-track AI adoption in public services, due by 31 October 2026, and the Ministry of Transport and Communications appointed Professor Petri Myllymäki as national AI adviser for one year.

🇳🇴 **Norway** – UNCHANGED. The [National Strategy for AI (2020)](https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/nasjonal-strategi-for-kunstig-intelligens/id2685594/?ref=ginc.org) has not been replaced; the [AI chapter of the National Digitalisation Strategy 2024–2030](https://www.regjeringen.no/no/tema/statlig-forvaltning/it-politikk/ny-nasjonal-digitaliseringsstrategi/utnytte-mulighetene-i-kunstig-intelligens/id3054706/?ref=ginc.org) now sets the goals, including 100 per cent public-sector AI use by 2030 and NOK 200 million a year of extra research funding. A renewed consultation on the KI-loven incorporating the EU AI Act is planned for autumn 2026, with the bill expected to reach the Storting in spring 2027.

🇸🇪 **Sweden** – NEW DOCUMENT. [Sweden's AI Strategy and Action Plan (February 2026)](https://government.se/information-material/2026/02/swedens-ai-strategy/?ref=ginc.org) is the country's first full national AI strategy since the 2018 national approach and draws on the 2024 AI Commission roadmap. It sets a top-10 AI nation goal, a national coordinator for Swedish language models, a data-sharing bill and 'Team Sweden AI', with Digg and PTS reporting annually. Founders writing in [Sifted](https://sifted.eu/articles/swedens-ai-strategy-wont-keep-its-best-founders-at-home?ref=ginc.org) described its roughly US$46 million a year of new money, as reported, as 'a Series A'.

🇮🇸 **Iceland** – NEW (added 2026). The [AI Action Plan 2025–2027 (July 2025)](https://www.stjornarradid.is/frettir/grein/2025-07-01-Icelands-AI-Action-Plan-2025-2027/?ref=ginc.org) builds on the 2021 strategy with 25 measures on the legal framework, productivity, health and Icelandic-language technology, including [pilot projects in health diagnostics, energy management and language preservation](https://babl.ai/iceland-releases-national-ai-action-plan-to-drive-innovation-and-responsible-governance/?ref=ginc.org).

## Indo-Pacific

The Indo-Pacific has produced the densest cluster of new primary documents of any region in this review: four of its eight countries. Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Australia all issued new strategies between December 2025 and July 2026\. Taiwan did so through statute (the AI Basic Act); Japan's and Korea's new documents are cabinet plans mandated by framework acts passed in 2025 and 2024 respectively; Australia chose a plan without new law. The approaches diverge sharply on regulation (Korea's binding high-impact AI duties, Japan's penalty-free promotion law and Australia's decision to shelve mandatory guardrails) but converge on national compute, with GPU targets written into plans: 52,000 by 2028 in Korea and 58,000 of announced subsidised capacity in India, while Taiwan has budgeted NT$311 billion for 2026.

India's AI Impact Summit in February 2026 confirmed its claim to Global South leadership. New Zealand, Pakistan and Nepal are added this year. North Korea, counted in the 2025 edition on the strength of reported programmes, is shown hatched but not counted this year because the 2026 rule requires a public document and none exists; the absence of a published strategy is itself the finding, since what Pyongyang does publish shows AI governed as a weapons and revenue programme rather than as a question of national policy.

🇦🇺 **Australia** – NEW DOCUMENT. The [National AI Plan (December 2025)](https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/national-ai-plan?ref=ginc.org) follows the 2021 AI Action Plan and chooses adoption and investment over new regulation. The plan [did not proceed with the mandatory guardrails](https://iapp.org/news/a/australia-unveils-ai-policy-roadmap?ref=ginc.org) for high-risk AI explored in 2024, relying on existing law plus an [Australian AI Safety Institute](https://www.minister.industry.gov.au/ministers/charlton/transcripts/doorstop-funding-ai-safety-institute?ref=ginc.org) (A$29.9 million commitment), which began frontier-model testing in July 2026\. The plan sets goals for infrastructure, an AI-capable workforce and trust, and draws on a A$1 billion National Reconstruction Fund envelope for critical technologies including AI.

🇮🇳 **India** – UPDATED. The [IndiaAI Mission (2024)](https://indiaai.gov.in/?ref=ginc.org) is the primary document, now paired with the India AI Governance Guidelines (November 2025), which favour sectoral regulators, an AI Governance Group and an AI Safety Institute over a dedicated law. Announced subsidised compute rose from 38,000 to [58,000 GPUs](https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2026/feb/doc2026217795001.pdf?ref=ginc.org) around the February 2026 [India AI Impact Summit](https://negd.gov.in/press%5Frelease/ai-impact-summit-2026-concludes-with-adoption-of-new-delhi-declaration/?ref=ginc.org), with the additional 20,000 still to be added at the time; 88 countries and organisations adopted the summit's New Delhi Declaration.

🇯🇵 **Japan** – NEW DOCUMENT. The [Second AI Basic Plan (July 2026)](https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/ai/ai%5Fplan/aiplan%5Feng%5F20260714.pdf?ref=ginc.org), a Cabinet decision under the May 2025 AI Promotion Act, revises the [first Basic Plan of December 2025](https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/ai/ai%5Fplan/aiplan%5Feng%5F20260116.pdf?ref=ginc.org), which replaced the 2022 AI Strategy. The Act is a promotion statute: duties for government, a non-binding cooperation duty on business operators and no penalties. The plan pursues 'the most AI-friendly country in the world' through agentic and physical AI, citing a projection of ¥68 trillion of public and private investment in physical intelligent systems by fiscal 2040, alongside ¥23.1 trillion for vertical AI and ¥10.5 trillion for physical AI (projections).

🇰🇷 **South Korea** – NEW DOCUMENT. The presidential National AI Strategy Committee adopted the [AI Action Plan (25 February 2026)](https://www.khan.co.kr/en/article/202602251243037?ref=ginc.org) under the Framework Act on AI, with 99 implementation tasks (98 in the December 2025 draft) and 326 recommendations. The [Framework Act](https://www.cooley.com/news/insight/2026/2026-01-27-south-koreas-ai-basic-act-overview-and-key-takeaways?ref=ginc.org), [passed by the National Assembly on 26 December 2024](https://babl.ai/south-korea-enacts-ai-basic-act/?ref=ginc.org), took effect on 22 January 2026 with high-impact AI duties and generative-AI labelling. The [Korea Herald](https://www.koreaherald.com/article/10636733?ref=ginc.org) reports ₩9.9 trillion proposed for 2026 by the Presidential AI Strategy Council (proposal) and GPU targets of 52,000 by 2028 and 260,000 by 2030, and the Lee administration's [National Growth Fund](https://www.koreajoongangdaily.com/opinion/koreas-100-trillion-won-national-fund-must-avoid-becoming-a-payout-scheme/12084565?ref=ginc.org), [expanded to ₩150 trillion over five years and launched on 11 December 2025](https://fsc.go.kr/eng/pr010101/85828?ref=ginc.org) (envelope, public–private), lists AI first among its target sectors.

🇹🇼 **Taiwan** – NEW DOCUMENT. The [Artificial Intelligence Basic Act](https://www.bakermckenzie.com/en/insight/publications/2026/01/taiwan-ai-basic-act?ref=ginc.org), passed in December 2025 and [promulgated and in force from 14 January 2026](https://www.leeandli.com/EN/NewslettersDetail/7566.htm?ref=ginc.org), gives the 'Silicon Island' ambition a statutory footing under the National Science and Technology Council, with seven principles and a MODA risk-classification framework. The accompanying AI New Ten Major Constructions programme, budgeted at NT$311 billion for 2026, targets a projected [NT$15 trillion of output and 500,000 AI jobs by 2040](https://english.president.gov.tw/News/7045?ref=ginc.org) across national AI, robotics, quantum and silicon photonics. AI Action Plan 2.0 formally runs to 2026.

🇳🇿 **New Zealand** – NEW (added 2026). [New Zealand's Strategy for Artificial Intelligence: Investing with Confidence (July 2025)](https://www.mbie.govt.nz/assets/new-zealands-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence.pdf?ref=ginc.org) is the country's first national strategy: light-touch, adoption-focused and paired with voluntary responsible-AI guidance for business.

🇵🇰 **Pakistan** – NEW (added 2026). The [National Artificial Intelligence Policy 2025](https://www.moitt.gov.pk/SiteImage/Misc/files/National%20AI%20Policy.pdf?ref=ginc.org), [approved by the federal cabinet on 30 July 2025](https://www.dawn.com/news/1927634/federal-cabinet-approves-national-ai-policy-2025?ref=ginc.org), creates an AI Council and a National AI Fund and promises 3,000 AI scholarships a year and 1,000 AI research initiatives. Its headline target is one million IT graduates trained in AI: the policy text gives 2027, cabinet briefings reported by Dawn give 2030\. It mandates a national AI compute grid of public high-performance computing centres alongside industry data centres.

🇳🇵 **Nepal** – NEW (added 2026). The [National AI Policy 2025](https://kathmandupost.com/money/2025/08/16/nepal-rolls-out-ambitious-ai-policy?ref=ginc.org), approved by cabinet in August 2025, creates an AI Regulation Council and a National AI Centre.

> 🇰🇵 **North Korea** – NOT COUNTED (no published strategy; inferred). North Korea was counted in the 2025 edition on the strength of reported programmes; the 2026 rule requires a public document, and none exists. It has no published national AI strategy, law or plan. AI appears only as a line in the [Ninth Party Congress's five-year weapons list (February 2026)](https://nknews.org/2026/02/anti-satellite-weapons-ai-tech-headline-north-koreas-new-military-wishlist?ref=ginc.org), which names 'unmanned systems utilising AI', and in leader instructions, a signal that Pyongyang treats AI as a military and revenue programme rather than a governance question. The inferred strategy is narrow and operational: unmanned weapons and serial drone production, which Kim Jong Un declared a ['top priority' on 18 September 2025](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/9/19/kim-jong-un-declares-ai-military-drone-development-a-top-priority?ref=ginc.org), and, separately, a [KCNA claim in May 2026](https://www.breitbart.com/asia/2026/05/28/north-korea-says-it-successfully-tested-ai-guided-missile/?ref=ginc.org) of a tactical cruise missile test with an 'AI terminal guidance function', not independently verified; AI as a ['force multiplier'](https://www.stimson.org/2026/north-koreas-integration-of-ai-across-cyber-economic-and-military-domains/?ref=ginc.org) for revenue generation and infiltration by its cyber and IT-worker programmes, the subject of a [multilateral advisory in July 2026](https://www.ic3.gov/CSA/2026/260731.pdf?ref=ginc.org); surveillance-oriented research on [older Nvidia and Qualcomm hardware obtained through sanctions gaps and ties with Russia and China](https://www.nknews.org/?p=973167&ref=ginc.org); and a research base built on [Chinese co-authorship](https://www.38north.org/2024/08/north-koreas-international-network-for-artificial-intelligence-research/?ref=ginc.org) and [researchers sent to Russia](https://www.nknews.org/2025/07/north-korea-dispatching-ai-researchers-to-russia-dprk-academic-says/?ref=ginc.org). Civil 'intelligentisation' is rhetorical, limited to a trial rollout of ['intelligent production systems'](https://www.dailynk.com/english/north-korea-ninth-party-congress-science-technology-kangwon-province-q2-directive/?ref=ginc.org) in Kangwon factories. What to watch: publication of 2026–2030 defence and science plan texts with an AI chapter; a named AI 'national perspective plan'; Russian or Chinese compute transfers; mass-produced AI loitering munitions in Russia's war in Ukraine. Shown hatched on the graphic.

## Eurasia

Eurasia groups the states between the EU and East Asia whose AI strategies are shaped by sovereignty under pressure. Russia has centralised AI under a presidential commission that seats its defence minister and FSB director while sanctions constrain its chips; Türkiye has issued a 2026–2030 action plan by presidential circular with data and computing infrastructure at its centre; Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan govern AI by presidential order and decree. Ukraine is the outlier: its formal strategy is a 2020 concept with a successor in consultation, but its real AI programme is on the battlefield, where the Brave1 defence-tech cluster has moved autonomous targeting from test to procurement.

Central Asia has acquired its first AI statute. Kazakhstan's Law on Artificial Intelligence, in force from January 2026, is the first comprehensive AI law in the region, and a Ministry of AI and Digital Development now administers it. Six countries sit in this group; Russia and Türkiye were in the 2025 edition and the other four are added this year.

🇷🇺 **Russia** – UPDATED. The [National Strategy for AI Development to 2030 (Decree 490 of 2019, amended by Decree 124 of February 2024)](https://regulations.ai/regulations/RAI-RU-NA-UNSDAXX-2024?ref=ginc.org) is the primary document, but the Kremlin has centralised control. President Putin ordered a [national generative-AI deployment plan](https://kkmp.legal/en/news/novosti/sozdanie-v-rossii-shtaba-po-rukovodstvu-otraslyu-ii-i-natsionalnogo-plana-vnedreniya-ii/?ref=ginc.org) in November 2025 and in [February 2026](https://meduza.io/en/news/2026/02/26/putin-appoints-fsb-chief-defense-minister-and-his-ex-bodyguard-to-newly-created-ai-commission?ref=ginc.org) created a presidential Commission on the Development of AI Technology co-chaired by Deputy PM Dmitry Grigorenko and Kremlin deputy chief of staff Maxim Oreshkin, with Defence Minister Belousov, FSB Director Bortnikov and Sberbank's German Gref among its members. The strategy targets AI products across all key sectors by 2030 under sanctions-constrained compute.

🇹🇷 **Türkiye** – NEW DOCUMENT. The [Türkiye AI Action Plan 2026–2030](https://www.yeniasir.com.tr/gundem/2026/08/18/turkiye-yapay-zeka-eylem-planina-iliskin-cumhurbaskani-genelgesi-resmi-gazetede?ref=ginc.org), issued by presidential circular in August 2026 and coordinated by the Ministry of Industry and Technology, succeeds the 2021–2025 strategy. Framed around 'recognise, benefit, produce, manage', it stresses data and computing infrastructure, skills and ethical, human-centred deployment across public and private sectors.

🇺🇦 **Ukraine** – NEW (added 2026). The [Concept of AI Development to 2030 (Cabinet Order 1556-r, 2 December 2020)](https://ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3147330-ukraine-approves-artificial-intelligence-development-plan-until-2030.html?ref=ginc.org) is the formal document; a draft Strategy for AI Development to 2030 was presented on 12 November 2025 and a public-consultation draft followed on 30 March 2026, alongside the WINWIN centre of excellence and an AI Factory. The operative programme is military. The [Brave1 cluster](https://www.thecairoreview.com/essays/governing-ai-under-fire-in-ukraine/?ref=ginc.org) (2023) of the Defence and Digital Transformation ministries fielded an [AI-guided parent drone](https://babel.ua/en/news/118378-ukrainian-defense-forces-use-ai-based-parent-drone-in-combat-for-the-first-time?ref=ginc.org) in May 2025, and in [September 2026](https://mod.gov.ua/en/news/ministry-of-defence-and-brave1-conduct-large-scale-testing-of-drones-with-ai-guidance?ref=ginc.org) the Ministry of Defence tested autonomous target-engagement systems from seven companies and recommended six for procurement; the Ministry reported AI-guided strikes up tenfold since the start of 2026.

🇦🇿 **Azerbaijan** – NEW (added 2026). The [AI Strategy 2025–2028](https://idda.az/en/news/artificial-intelligence-strategy-approved-what-to-expect?ref=ginc.org), approved by Presidential Order in March 2025, focuses on public-sector adoption, data and skills.

🇰🇿 **Kazakhstan** – NEW (added 2026). The [Concept for the Development of AI 2024–2029](https://primeminister.kz/en/news/concept-for-artificial-intelligence-development-for-2024-2029-adopted-by-government-28786?ref=ginc.org), adopted by [Government Resolution 592 of 24 July 2024](https://regulations.ai/regulations/RAI-KZ-NA-CDAI2XX-2024?ref=ginc.org), is the primary document. [Law 230-VIII on Artificial Intelligence](https://www.ey.com/en%5Fkz/technical/tax-alerts/2025/12/law-on-artificial-intelligence-kazakhstan?ref=ginc.org), signed on 17 November 2025 and in force from 18 January 2026, is [Central Asia's first comprehensive AI statute](https://babl.ai/kazakhstan-enacts-central-asias-first-comprehensive-ai-law-setting-regional-benchmark/?ref=ginc.org): three risk tiers and prohibited practices echoing the EU AI Act's structure, labelling of synthetic content and copyright conditioned on human creative input. A Ministry of AI and Digital Development, created by decree of 18 September 2025, administers it.

🇺🇿 **Uzbekistan** – NEW (added 2026). The [Strategy for AI Development until 2030 (October 2024)](https://gov.uz/en/digital/news/view/24510?ref=ginc.org), issued by presidential decree, targets US$1.5 billion of AI products and services, ten AI laboratories and a top-50 Government AI Readiness ranking.

## Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia has moved from capacity-building towards binding frameworks, though only one law is yet in force. Vietnam passed a comprehensive AI law (in force March 2026) and issued a new strategy in August 2026; Malaysia launched a 2026–2030 action plan with a permanent national AI agency and a safety institute and is drafting a governance bill; Thailand published a consultation draft of an EU-style AI Act; and the Philippines added a second national strategy and a national research centre. Only Indonesia remains on its 2020 document, with a 2025–2029 roadmap white paper in use and two presidential regulations awaiting signature.

The sequencing described in 2025 (skills and trust first, then industrial scale) is now playing out as national language models (ThaiLLM; Vietnam's target of eight Vietnamese-language models), national AI funds and ASEAN hub ambitions that pit Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok and Hanoi against one another for the same regional role.

🇮🇩 **Indonesia** – UPDATED. The National AI Strategy 2020–2045 remains the primary document. The Ministry of Communication and Digital's [National AI Roadmap white paper for 2025–2029](https://oecd.ai/en/dashboards/policy-initiatives/national-artificial-intelligence-roadmap?ref=ginc.org) is in use, and a presidential regulation on a [2026–2029 roadmap](https://infobanknews.com/komdigi-siapkan-peta-jalan-ai-2026-2029-begini-progresnya?ref=ginc.org) and a companion AI ethics regulation, cleared by inter-ministerial review in May 2026, awaited President Prabowo's signature as of early September 2026, while AI is folded into flagship programmes such as the free-meals programme, [budgeted at Rp335 trillion (about US$20 billion) for 2026](https://en.antaranews.com/news/399809/indonesia-allocates-rp335-trillion-for-free-meals-program-in-2026?ref=ginc.org).

🇲🇾 **Malaysia** – NEW DOCUMENT. The [National AI Action Plan 2026–2030](https://ai.gov.my/faq/national-ai-action-plan-2026-2030-fact-sheet/?ref=ginc.org), launched by Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim in July 2026, follows the 2021–2025 roadmap under an 'AI Nation 2030' vision with 28 initiatives, 300,000–500,000 AI-related jobs and top 10 in global AI readiness by 2030 (top 20 by 2028 as an interim marker). The National AI Office has become the permanent [AI Malaysia Berhad](https://govinsider.asia/intl-en/article/malaysia-sets-up-permanent-corporation-and-safety-institute-to-steer-national-ai-agenda?ref=ginc.org), housing a Malaysia AI Safety Institute, and a risk-based [AI Governance Bill went to public consultation in July 2026](https://www.bakermckenzie.com/en/insight/publications/2026/07/malaysia-public-consultation-on-the-ai-governance-bill?ref=ginc.org), with [enactment targeted for end-2026](https://www.digitalnewsasia.com/digital-economy/ai-malaysia-established-drive-nations-ai-ambitions-towards-2030?ref=ginc.org).

🇵🇭 **Philippines** – UPDATED. Two complementary frameworks now apply: DTI's [National AI Strategy Roadmap 2.0 (2024)](https://oecd.ai/en/dashboards/policy-initiatives/national-ai-strategy-roadmap-20-naisr-20?ref=ginc.org) and DOST's National AI Strategy (NAIS-PH), [approved by President Marcos in May 2025](https://newsbytes.ph/2025/05/23/marcos-jr-approves-national-ai-strategy-to-position-ph-as-regional-ai-leader/?ref=ginc.org) with a 2028 horizon. A [National Artificial Intelligence Center for Research and Innovation (NAICRI)](https://newsbytes.ph/2026/02/26/dost-activates-naicri-to-anchor-ph-national-ai-strategy/?ref=ginc.org) opened in February 2026 beside the [Center for AI Research (CAIR), launched by DTI in July 2024](https://dti.gov.ph/news/dti-launches-national-ai-strategy-roadmap-2-0-center-ai-research-positioning-philippines-center-excellence-ai-rampd?ref=ginc.org).

🇹🇭 **Thailand** – UPDATED. The [National AI Strategy and Action Plan 2022–2027](https://www.ai.in.th/en/about-ai-thailand/?ref=ginc.org) is unchanged on paper but has gained execution muscle: the National AI Committee, meeting under the Deputy Prime Minister and Digital Economy Minister, [endorsed a ฿25 billion budget framework for FY2026–27 in July 2025](https://w.media/thailand-approves-us770-million-to-drive-ai-adoption/?ref=ginc.org) (framework; [฿13 billion itemised](https://www.thailand-business-news.com/tech/237383-thailand-commits-%e0%b8%bf25-billion-to-drive-ai-development-through-2027?ref=ginc.org) for workforce, centres of excellence and a national data bank), with nine centres of excellence approved in principle alongside a Thai LLM network and a government AI processing centre. The UPDATED flag rests on the ThaiLLM national model, launched in April 2026, and the [draft Act on Artificial Intelligence](https://www.tilleke.com/insights/thailand-releases-new-draft-artificial-intelligence-act?ref=ginc.org) that went to consultation in July 2026.

🇻🇳 **Vietnam** – NEW DOCUMENT. The [National Strategy on AI to 2030, Vision to 2045 (Decision 1671/QĐ-TTg, 28 August 2026)](https://vov.vn/chinh-tri/chien-luoc-quoc-gia-ve-tri-tue-nhan-tao-den-nam-2030-tam-nhin-den-nam-2045-post1328421.vov?ref=ginc.org) is the new primary document; whether it formally revokes the 2021 strategy is not stated. It follows the Digital Technology Industry Law (June 2025) and the comprehensive [Law on Artificial Intelligence](https://b-company.jp/?p=25713&ref=ginc.org), in force from 1 March 2026 with risk tiers, labelling and a National AI Development Fund. [Targets](https://beta-en.mic.gov.vn/national-ai-strategy-targeting-6-of-gdp-and-5-billion-usd-in-exports-197260908083212262.htm?ref=ginc.org) include an AI economy worth about 6 per cent of GDP, US$5 billion of exports, at least ten Vietnamese AI brands and eight Vietnamese-language models by 2030 and top-three ASEAN status.

## Middle East and North Africa

The Gulf has turned strategy into announced gigawatts. Saudi Arabia's PIF-owned champion Humain and the UAE's 5 GW Abu Dhabi campus with Stargate UAE are among the largest national compute projects announced outside the United States and China, both dependent on US export licences for advanced Nvidia and AMD chips that carry security conditions. Neither country has replaced its founding strategy (Saudi Arabia's 2020 NSDAI, the UAE's 2031 vision) but both have shifted from planning to deployment: Riyadh declared 2026 the Year of Artificial Intelligence and the UAE federal Cabinet seated 32 AI assistants to review policy and legislation.

Elsewhere the picture is more mixed. Israel approved a national AI plan in June 2026 under a Prime Minister's Office directorate; Egypt is building Arabic-dialect models and hosts a privately pledged data centre scaling to US$1 billion; Morocco launched 'Maroc IA 2030'; and Iran's parliament has advanced, but not finalised, a bill for a presidential AI organisation while, by its own minister's account in April 2025, its total AI investment remained below US$50 million. Qatar, Oman, Jordan and Morocco are added this year. Security sensitivity, export controls and national data centres remain defining features of the bloc.

🇸🇦 **Saudi Arabia** – UPDATED. The [National Strategy for Data and AI (2020)](https://oecd.ai/en/dashboards/policy-initiatives/national-data-and-ai-strategy-9964?ref=ginc.org) is the primary document, but execution has shifted to [Humain](https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/humain-breaks-ground-two-data-centers-with-first-facilities-expected-to-go-live-in-q2-2026/?ref=ginc.org), the PIF-owned champion launched in May 2025 that is building gigawatt-scale compute, with first facilities slated for the second quarter of 2026 and a target of 6.6 GW over the next decade (announced capacity); in [November 2025 the US Commerce Department licensed](https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2025/11/mil-251119-commerce01.htm?ref=ginc.org) the export to Humain of up to 35,000 Nvidia GB300-equivalent chips under security and reporting conditions. The Cabinet designated [2026 the Year of Artificial Intelligence](https://www.mitsloanme.com/article/saudi-arabia-doubles-down-on-ai-ambitions-declares-2026-as-the-year-of-ai/?ref=ginc.org), and the Global AI Summit returned to Riyadh in September 2026.

🇦🇪 **United Arab Emirates** – UPDATED. The [UAE National Strategy for AI 2031](https://ai.gov.ae/strategy/?ref=ginc.org) remains the primary document. [Stargate UAE](https://openai.com/index/introducing-stargate-uae?ref=ginc.org), a 1 GW cluster inside the [5 GW UAE–US AI Campus in Abu Dhabi](https://gulfnews.com/business/markets/stargate-uae-first-phase-of-200mw-to-complete-by-2026-1.500310364?ref=ginc.org) (announced capacity), is due to deliver its first 200 MW in 2026; in [November 2025 the US Commerce Department authorised](https://www.thenationalnews.com/future/technology/2025/11/20/uae-ai-nvidia-chips-us/?ref=ginc.org) G42 to buy up to 35,000 Nvidia GB300-equivalent chips under security and reporting conditions. In September 2026 the Cabinet launched a [Cabinet AI Advisor](https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/uae-launches-cabinet-ai-advisor-support-government-decision-making?ref=ginc.org) of 32 AI assistants.

🇮🇱 **Israel** – NEW DOCUMENT. A [national AI plan approved by the government on 16 June 2026](https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-899354?ref=ginc.org) is run by the [National AI Directorate](https://www.calcalistech.com/ctechnews/article/ab6v2b1ra?ref=ginc.org) in the Prime Minister's Office; the 2020 Telem programme continues alongside it. The Directorate administers a [NIS 3 billion national AI budget for 2026](https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-1001552634?ref=ginc.org) (commitment, unitemised; Globes), while its own running budget is NIS 120 million (Calcalist). The plan it presented at a press conference in August 2026 includes an intent to buy up to 100,000 Nvidia processors; an industry source called it 'too little and too late'. A [national supercomputer on leased Nebius capacity](https://www.techrepublic.com/article/news-israel-ai-supercomputer/?ref=ginc.org) was activated in January 2026 under the Telem programme.

🇮🇷 **Iran** – UPDATED. The National AI Document (2024) of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution ([Filterwatch report on the document](https://filter.watch/english/2025/09/30/investigative-report-september-2025-control-over-innovation/?ref=ginc.org)) targets a top-ten AI ranking by 2032, but governance has oscillated. After the government swapped a planned AI organisation for a vice-presidential Headquarters for AI Technology Development in May 2025, parliament [voted in October 2025](https://tvbrics.com/en/news/iran-approves-creation-of-national-ai-organisation/?ref=ginc.org) to amend an article of a still-pending bill so as to create an autonomous National AI Organisation under the president; final passage and Guardian Council approval are not recorded. Sanctions, energy constraints and total AI investment, which the communications minister put below US$50 million in April 2025, leave ambition far ahead of capacity.

🇪🇬 **Egypt** – UNCHANGED. The [National AI Strategy, Second Edition (2025–2030)](https://ai.gov.eg/SynchedFiles/en/Resources/AIstrategy%20English%2016-1-2025-1.pdf?ref=ginc.org) remains in force, with implementation concentrating on Arabic-language models and compute. The government launched the [BelMasry](https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/574904.aspx?ref=ginc.org) speech and translation platform in August 2026 and, in September 2026, [Karnak Chat, an Arabic assistant, and Loghat, an English-learning app](https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/576301.aspx?ref=ginc.org). On 7 September 2026 Vodafone Business, El Sewedy Electric and Cassava Technologies [announced Africa Data Centres Egypt](https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/576173.aspx?ref=ginc.org), a colocation and cloud joint venture starting at 20 MW within three years and scaling to 200 MW, with up to US$200 million in a first phase and up to US$1 billion in total (private pledge); a separate Vodafone Business–Cassava partnership offers Nvidia GPU-as-a-service for sovereign AI workloads.

🇶🇦 **Qatar** – NEW (added 2026). The [National AI Strategy (2019)](https://imo.gov.qa/priorities/artificial-intelligence?ref=ginc.org), [launched at QITCOM in October 2019](https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/30/10/2019/Qatar%E2%80%99s-National-Artificial-Intelligence-Strategy-launched-at-QITCOM?ref=ginc.org) and overseen by an AI Committee since 2021, is now carried through the Digital Agenda 2030 and Qai, a QIA subsidiary launched in December 2025.

🇴🇲 **Oman** – NEW (added 2026). The [National Programme for AI and Advanced Digital Technologies 2024–2026](https://telecomreview.com/articles/reports-and-coverage/8411-oman-launches-national-ai-and-advanced-digital-technologies-program?ref=ginc.org) sets out public-sector deployment, skills and adoption across economic sectors under Vision 2040; the [Public Policy for the Safe and Ethical Use of AI Systems (May 2025)](https://www.muscatdaily.com/2025/05/18/oman-unveils-policy-for-safe-ethical-use-of-ai/?ref=ginc.org) applies to government entities and regulated private institutions.

🇯🇴 **Jordan** – NEW (added 2026). The [Jordanian AI Strategy and Implementation Plan 2023–2027](https://www.modee.gov.jo/ebv4.0/root%5Fstorage/en/eb%5Flist%5Fpage/40435648.pdf?ref=ginc.org), [approved by the Cabinet in October 2022](https://www.jordannews.jo/Section-109/News/Cabinet-approves-Jordan-s-AI-strategy-for-2023-2027-23644?ref=ginc.org), focuses on public services, skills and an enabling ecosystem.

🇲🇦 **Morocco** – NEW (added 2026). ['Maroc IA 2030'](https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2026/01/274765/morocco-launches-maroc-ia-2030-roadmap-to-strengthen-ai-governance-digital-sovereignty/?ref=ginc.org), launched on 12 January 2026 by the Ministry of Digital Transition with the JAZARI ROOT centre of excellence and a joint laboratory with Mistral AI, [targets](https://maroc.ma/en/news/morocco-moves-ai-strategy-implementation-targets-mad-100-bln-gdp-value-2030?ref=ginc.org) MAD 100 billion of GDP value, 50,000 jobs and 200,000 AI talents trained and certified, all as 2030 targets.

## Latin America

Latin America, which GINC described in 2025 as one of the least mature regions, has added seven countries, more than any region except Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa. Mexico, the largest gap on last year's map, published its first Plan Nacional de IA in September 2026 around a MXN 6 billion supercomputer; Peru and Panama adopted strategies in 2026 and Ecuador's was gazetted in January 2026; Brazil's R$23 billion 2024–2028 plan is an envelope now two years into execution; and Cuba joins with a 2024 Council of Ministers strategy. Twelve countries sit in the group, seven of them new to the index.

Regulation has been slower than strategy. Peru's public-sector AI duties are in force, but Chile's bill is being rewritten in the Senate, Brazil's framework bill is stalled in a Chamber committee and Colombia's consolidated bill was archived at the end of the legislature and refiled under the new government. Compute partnerships are mostly announcements or memoranda rather than financed projects: Stargate Argentina has no confirmed financing, and only Mexico's Coatlicue build and Brazil's Santos Dumont expansion are publicly budgeted.

🇲🇽 **Mexico** – NEW DOCUMENT. The [Plan Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (September 2026)](https://www.gob.mx/atdt/agendas/2030/inteligencia-artificial?ref=ginc.org), from the Agencia de Transformación Digital y Telecomunicaciones, rests on [three pillars](https://www.xataka.com.mx/robotica-e-ia/mexico-tiene-su-plan-nacional-ia-quiere-crear-tecnologia-propia-formar-talento-usar-inteligencia-artificial-para-gobernar?ref=ginc.org): an ethical and legal framework referencing the January 2026 Chapultepec Principles, public talent and software and strategic infrastructure. The Coatlicue supercomputer, an [approximate public investment of MXN 6 billion](https://secihti.mx/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Comunicado%5F48%5F26112025.pdf?ref=ginc.org) on a 24-month development timeline (budgeted; 14,480 GPUs, 314 petaflops), anchors it, with a 100-strong public 'AI Factory' and a free training centre scaling to 25,000 certifications a year. Regulation remains a stated debate, not law.

🇦🇷 **Argentina** – UNCHANGED. The [Plan Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (2019)](https://oecd-opsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Argentina-National-AI-Strategy.pdf?ref=ginc.org) has not been replaced; the Milei government pursues AI through deregulation and investment attraction. [Stargate Argentina](https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/economy/openai-sur-energy-to-build-massive-ai-data-centre-in-patagonia.phtml?ref=ginc.org), a proposed US$25 billion, 500 MW Sur Energy data centre in Patagonia intended for the RIGI incentive regime, remains a private pledge without confirmed financing: OpenAI's release casts it as the main buyer of compute, the [Buenos Aires Times reports it will contribute no funding](https://batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/openai-plans-to-build-massive-data-centre-in-argentina-avoids-mentioning-financial-figures.phtml?ref=ginc.org) and [no RIGI filing has been publicly reported](https://www.eldiarionuevodia.com.ar/regionales/que-paso-con-el-mega-data-center-de-ia-que-proyectan-para-la-patagonia-1135/?ref=ginc.org), with construction not started as of September 2026\. Milei has [promised tech firms](https://batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/milei-promises-tech-firms-new-laws-and-unregulated-ai-in-argentina.phtml?ref=ginc.org) to keep AI free of 'the deadly hand of premature and poorly understood regulation'.

🇨🇱 **Chile** – UPDATED. The [Política Nacional de IA 2021–2030, revised January 2025](https://guerrero.cl/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/DOC%5FModificacion-Politica-de-IA.pdf?ref=ginc.org), remains the primary document, but the regulatory track has shifted. The comprehensive AI bill cleared the Chamber of Deputies in October 2025 and sits in the Senate, where the Kast administration has [proposed a lighter framework law](https://www.senado.cl/comunicaciones/noticias/senadores-conocen-propuesta-del-ejecutivo-para-ley-marco-de-ia?ref=ginc.org) citing Japan and Singapore as models; no timetable for a substitute text has been set.

🇨🇴 **Colombia** – UPDATED. [CONPES 4144 (February 2025)](https://www.dnp.gov.co/publicaciones/Planeacion/Paginas/conpes-4144-hoja-de-ruta-colombia-inteligencia-artificial-retos-actuales-transformacion-futura.aspx?ref=ginc.org) remains the AI policy, with six pillars to 2030\. The consolidated AI bill of July 2025 (PL 043/2025) was [archived at the end of the legislature and a near-identical PL 025/2026](https://ppulegal.com/actualidad-legal/mas-controles-o-mas-innovacion-el-dilema-que-abre-la-nueva-ley-de-ia/?ref=ginc.org), with EU-style risk tiers, has been refiled. The De la Espriella administration, in office since 7 August 2026, presented a [Plan TIC 2026–2030](https://www.elpais.com.co/colombia/mintic-presento-su-hoja-de-ruta-tecnologica-para-los-proximos-cuatro-anos-figuran-la-inteligencia-artificial-y-ciberseguridad-0257.html?ref=ginc.org) on 2 September that reframes AI around productivity and a 'technological hub of the Americas' ambition.

🇧🇷 **Brazil** – UPDATED. The [Plano Brasileiro de Inteligência Artificial 2024–2028](https://dplnews.com/um-ano-de-plano-brasileiro-de-inteligencia-artificial-o-que-esta-sendo-feito/?ref=ginc.org) (July 2024; R$23 billion envelope, with little public disbursement data) superseded the 2021 EBIA that the 2025 edition cited, and funds a R$1.8 billion Santos Dumont supercomputer expansion (budgeted), a R$1 billion national cloud and training for 115,000 public servants by 2026\. The companion AI bill (PL 2338/2023) cleared the Senate in December 2024 but [remains in a Chamber special committee awaiting the opinion of rapporteur Aguinaldo Ribeiro](https://casrai.org/guides/brazil-ai-bill-pl-2338-status?ref=ginc.org), with [no clear prospect of a vote in 2026](https://futurodasaude.com.br/?p=46258&ref=ginc.org).

🇺🇾 **Uruguay** – NEW (added 2026). The [Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial 2024–2030](https://www.gub.uy/agencia-gobierno-electronico-sociedad-informacion-conocimiento/comunicacion/noticias/se-aprobo-estrategia-nacional-inteligencia-artificial-2024-2030?ref=ginc.org), approved on 21 November 2024 by the public-sector AI and data committee, as mandated by article 74 of Law 20.212, is coordinated by Agesic.

🇵🇪 **Peru** – NEW (added 2026). The [Estrategia Nacional de IA 2026–2030 (RM 152-2026-PCM, May 2026)](https://www.garrigues.com/es%5FES/noticia/peru-aprueba-estrategia-nacional-inteligencia-artificial-enia-establece-obligaciones?ref=ginc.org) implements Law 31814 (2023) and its regulation, [DS 115-2025-PCM](https://www.congreso.gob.pe/Docs/DGP/DIDP/files/ds%5F115-2025-pcm.pdf?ref=ginc.org), mandating AI officers in every public entity, a national AI catalogue and ISO 42001 alignment; its scope is primarily public sector.

🇨🇷 **Costa Rica** – NEW (added 2026). The [Estrategia Nacional de IA 2024–2027 (October 2024)](https://micitt.go.cr/sites/default/files/2024-10/Estrategia%20Nacional%20de%20Inteligencia%20Artificial%20de%20Costa%20Rica%20ESP.pdf?ref=ginc.org), with an action plan (March 2025, revised August 2025), emphasises ethics, skills and public-sector adoption.

🇩🇴 **Dominican Republic** – NEW (added 2026). The [ENIA (October 2023)](https://wp.ogtic.gob.do/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ENIA-Estrategia-Nacional-de-Inteligencia-Artificial-de-la-Republica-Dominicana%5Fcompressed.pdf?ref=ginc.org), given legal force by [Decreto 498-23](https://wp.ogtic.gob.do/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Decreto-498-23.pdf?ref=ginc.org), rests on three pillars (intelligent government, talent and innovation, data hub). In [August 2025](https://acento.com.do/actualidad/en-que-quedo-la-estrategia-de-inteligencia-artificial-de-republica-dominicana-9533130.html?ref=ginc.org) OGTIC acknowledged delays, resource shortages and weak coordination, with the ethics code, sandbox committee and data-protection reform still unrealised.

🇪🇨 **Ecuador** – NEW (added 2026). The [EFIA-EC 2025–2029](https://www.lexis.com.ec/noticias/registro-oficial-del-dia-ecuador-aprueba-estrategia-nacional-para-el-desarrollo-y-uso-etico-de-la-inteligencia-artificial?ref=ginc.org), issued by Acuerdo Ministerial MINTEL-2025-0030 and gazetted in the Registro Oficial on 19 January 2026, promotes ethical and responsible AI development and use.

🇵🇦 **Panama** – NEW (added 2026). The [Estrategia Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial](https://www.panacamara.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Senacyt-Presentacion-ENIA-Aprobada.pdf?ref=ginc.org), approved by the Cabinet Council on 11 August 2026 under [Cabinet Resolution 75](https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.pa/storage/gacetas/2026/08/30592%5FA/GacetaNo%5F30592a%5F20260818.pdf?ref=ginc.org) within the Agenda Nacional de Tecnologías Avanzadas, sets six pillars; the separate [Talent Up Panamá programme](https://www.telemetro.com/nacionales/buscas-capacitarte-talent-up-panama-ofrece-10-mil-becas-inteligencia-artificial-y-tecnologia-n6086563?ref=ginc.org) opened 10,000 technology scholarships in July 2026.

🇨🇺 **Cuba** – NEW (added 2026). The [Strategy for the Development of AI (May 2024)](https://oecd.ai/en/dashboards/policy-initiatives/strategy-for-the-development-of-artificial-intelligence-in-cuba?ref=ginc.org), approved by the Council of Ministers and coordinated by MINCOM, sets six pillars for state-led development and use.

## Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa has added eight countries to the index and absorbed South Africa from last year's BRICS grouping. Nigeria launched its strategy in April 2025 and published the final text in September, Ghana launched a 2025–2035 strategy costed at US$270 million including an announced US$250 million computing centre, Rwanda created a National AI Agency in June 2026 and Mauritius launched a new strategy in April 2026\. All ten now sit under the African Union's Continental AI Strategy (July 2024), whose first implementation phase explicitly prioritises national strategies.

The themes identified in 2025 (skills and inclusion, data infrastructure, public-service AI, competitiveness in agriculture, mining and finance) hold. The region's strongest governance lesson is South Africa's: a National AI Policy approved by Cabinet and gazetted in April 2026 was withdrawn within weeks after fabricated references were exposed, an instance of the gap between ambition and institutional capacity that runs through this review. Compute remains announced rather than built almost everywhere; Zambia's 2024–2026 strategy expires this year without a successor.

🇳🇬 **Nigeria** – UPDATED. The [National AI Strategy](https://oecd.ai/en/dashboards/policy-initiatives/national-artificial-intelligence-strategy-nais?ref=ginc.org), [published in draft in August 2024](https://digitalpolicyalert.org/change/10643-ncair-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy?ref=ginc.org), was [described by Minister Bosun Tijani as already developed when the Nigeria AI Collective launched on 15 April 2025](https://nannews.ng/nigeria-positions-self-as-ai-hub-with-innovative-launch/?ref=ginc.org), before the August 2025 baseline, and its final text was [released on 19 September 2025](https://digitalpolicyalert.org/event/40784-federal-ministry-of-communication-innovation-and-digital-economy-released-national-artificial-intelligence-strategy?ref=ginc.org) (per Digital Policy Alert only) as a 'living document' to 2029 with five pillars and 34 initiatives. A ten-member National AI Trust, [approved by the Federal Executive Council on 4 February 2025](https://digitalpolicyalert.org/event/40788-federal-ministry-of-communications-innovation-and-digital-economy-announced-approval-of-national-artificial-intelligence-trust?ref=ginc.org) to mobilise resources and provide oversight, sits beside it; the strategy proposes a separate regulator and [at least four AI-related bills](https://digitalpolicyalert.org/digest/nigeria-ai-governance-approach?ref=ginc.org) (SB 731, HB 1810, HB 2567, HB 2559) are before the National Assembly. NITDA's 2026 ['sovereign AI' agenda](https://techeconomy.ng/nitda-dg-says-nigeria-building-sovereign-ai-ecosystem?ref=ginc.org) prioritises local datasets and infrastructure; no compute funding figure is recorded.

🇿🇦 **South Africa** – UPDATED. The [National AI Policy Framework (August 2024)](https://www.polity.org.za/article/south-africa-advances-in-ai-innovation-with-new-national-policy-framework-2024-08-22?ref=ginc.org) remains the only extant document, itself a draft for comment. Its successor, a [draft National AI Policy approved by Cabinet for public comment in March 2026 and gazetted in April](https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis%5Fdocument/202604/54477gen3880.pdf?ref=ginc.org), was [withdrawn within weeks](https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/minister-announces-withdrawal-draft-ai-policy?ref=ginc.org) after fabricated references were exposed; officials were suspended and an expert panel chaired by Professor Benjamin Rosman is rewriting it, with Cabinet resubmission targeted for November 2026 and public comment in January 2027.

🇰🇪 **Kenya** – NEW (added 2026). The [Kenya AI Strategy 2025–2030 (March 2025)](https://www.data4sdgs.org/sites/default/files/2025-06/Kenya%5FAI%5FStrategy%5F2025%5F2030.pdf?ref=ginc.org) covers digital infrastructure, data, research, talent and governance, with EU and GIZ backing.

🇬🇭 **Ghana** – NEW (added 2026). The [National AI Strategy 2025–2035](https://gna.org.gh/2026/04/ghana-to-invest-250m-in-ai-centre-launch-national-strategy/?ref=ginc.org), launched by President Mahama on 24 April 2026, is a ten-year document built around an independent Responsible AI Authority (the strategy text) alongside a national AI Office under the ministry, a planned Emerging Technologies Bill, a proposed [National AI Fund of GH¢5 billion for 2025–30](https://ghanafact.com/?p=10751&ref=ginc.org) and an announced US$250 million AI Computing Centre, with a further [US$20 million allocated for short- and medium-term implementation](https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-president-unveils-270m-national-ai-strategy-250m-computing-centre-20m-implementation-fund-earmarked-to-create-africas-ai-hub.html?ref=ginc.org) (US$270 million in total). It positions Ghana as a West African hub for AI in health, agriculture, education and finance; no financing source for the computing centre or bill text had been published at launch, and neither had appeared by October 2026.

🇪🇹 **Ethiopia** – NEW (added 2026). The [National AI Policy (June 2024)](https://oecd.ai/en/dashboards/policy-initiatives/national-artificial-intelligence-policy?ref=ginc.org), adopted by the Council of Ministers, is delivered through the Ethiopian AI Institute, whose budget rose 42 per cent in 2025/26.

🇿🇲 **Zambia** – NEW (added 2026). The [National AI Strategy of Zambia 2024–2026](https://oecd.ai/en/dashboards/policy-initiatives/national-artificial-intelligence-strategy-of-zambia-2025-2027?ref=ginc.org), [launched on 21 November 2024](https://www.zambiamonitor.com/zambia-launches-artificial-intelligence-strategy-to-boost-digital-economy/?ref=ginc.org) proposes a National AI Council, targets digital-economy growth and public services and expires this year.

🇧🇯 **Benin** – NEW (added 2026). The [Stratégie nationale d'intelligence artificielle et des mégadonnées 2023–2027](https://oecd.ai/en/dashboards/policy-initiatives/national-artificial-intelligence-and-big-data-strategy-2023-2027?ref=ginc.org), adopted by the Council of Ministers in January 2023, pairs AI with big-data governance.

🇸🇳 **Senegal** – NEW (added 2026). The [Stratégie nationale sur l'IA (SNIA)](https://www.osiris.sn/la-snia-une-vision-d-une-intelligence-artificielle-ethique-et-de-confiance-au.html?ref=ginc.org) was [published in final form in September 2023 after Team Europe review](https://capacity4dev.europa.eu/news/le-senegal-devoile-sa-nouvelle-strategie-ia-un-effort-collaboratif-avec-lequipe-europe%5Fen?ref=ginc.org); President Sall [announced finalisation work and a 7 billion FCFA roadmap in January 2024](https://www.sikafinance.com/marches/le-senegal-finalise-une-strategie-sur-lintelligence-artificielle-dun-cout-de-7-milliards-fcfa%5F44381?ref=ginc.org). The February 2025 'New Deal Technologique' carries the Senegal AI Factory unveiled in Tokyo in August 2026.

🇷🇼 **Rwanda** – NEW (added 2026). The [National AI Policy](https://accesspartnership.com/access-alert-rwandan-government-approves-national-ai-policy?ref=ginc.org), approved by Cabinet in April 2023, positions Rwanda as an AI innovation hub with the Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution as co-developer and implementation partner; in [June 2026](https://www.ktpress.rw/2026/06/rwandas-ai-ambition-takes-shape-as-cabinet-approves-new-agency/?ref=ginc.org) Cabinet approved a National Artificial Intelligence Agency to drive adoption, investment and governance.

🇲🇺 **Mauritius** – NEW (added 2026). [AI for Mauritius (AIM) and the FAIR Guidelines (9 April 2026)](https://www.undp.org/mauritius-seychelles/press-releases/mauritius-launches-national-ai-strategy-and-fair-guidelines-supported-undp?ref=ginc.org), prepared by the AI Unit of the Ministry of Information Technology, Communication and Innovation with UNDP support under the [Digital Transformation Blueprint 2025–2029](https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-digital/1304-54615-mauritius-launches-ai-strategy-targets-hub-role-for-small-island-states?ref=ginc.org), follow the [2018 strategy](https://oecd.ai/en/dashboards/policy-initiatives/mauritius-artificial-intelligence-ai-strategy-7829?ref=ginc.org); the guidelines set a national ethics framework (fairness, accountability, inclusiveness and integrity, responsibility) with no funding figures or quantitative targets published.

## Comparative Matrix

Legal form: statute, cabinet strategy (adopted by cabinet, government or head of government), ministerial plan (issued by a ministry or agency; marked '(cabinet-endorsed)' where the entry records cabinet endorsement) or decree (presidential decree, order or circular). 'AI statute in force' refers to a general national AI law, not sectoral rules or EU law. Cells read 'none' where the entries above give no information.

| Country              | Primary document (year)                                | Legal form                         | Lead body                                                                  | AI statute in force?               | Compute target or flagship                                                          | National language model                   | Safety institute | Flag             |
| -------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------- | ---------------- | ---------------- |
| United States        | America's AI Action Plan (2025)                        | cabinet strategy                   | White House OSTP                                                           | No                                 | Genesis Mission platform                                                            | none                                      | Yes              | UPDATED          |
| China                | 'AI Plus' Opinions (2025)                              | cabinet strategy                   | State Council                                                              | No                                 | 15th Five-Year Plan chips and compute                                               | none                                      | none             | NEW DOCUMENT     |
| United Kingdom       | AI Opportunities Action Plan (2025)                    | cabinet strategy                   | DSIT                                                                       | No                                 | Compute Roadmap, £2 billion to 2030                                                 | none                                      | Yes              | UPDATED          |
| France               | Stratégie nationale pour l'IA (France 2030)            | cabinet strategy                   | SGPI / DGE                                                                 | No                                 | EU Gigafactory bid                                                                  | L'Assistant (civil service)               | none             | UPDATED          |
| Singapore            | Update to NAIS (2026); National AI Strategy 2.0 (2023) | cabinet strategy                   | MDDI / Smart Nation                                                        | No                                 | ASPIRE 2B                                                                           | none                                      | none             | NEW DOCUMENT     |
| Canada               | AI for All (2026)                                      | cabinet strategy                   | Minister of AI / ISED                                                      | No                                 | 850 MW by 2030; public supercomputer                                                | none                                      | Yes              | NEW DOCUMENT     |
| Germany              | Hightech Agenda Deutschland (2025)                     | cabinet strategy                   | BMFTR / Digital Ministry                                                   | No (AI Act implementation law)     | Quadruple AI and HPC compute by 2030 (target); Gigafactory                          | none                                      | none             | UPDATED          |
| Italy                | Strategy for AI 2024–2026                              | cabinet strategy                   | AgID / ACN                                                                 | Yes (Law 132/2025)                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | UPDATED          |
| Netherlands          | International AI Strategy (2026)                       | cabinet strategy                   | Ministry of Economic Affairs                                               | No                                 | Groningen AI Factory                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW DOCUMENT     |
| Spain                | Estrategia de IA 2024; Plan IA360 (2026)               | cabinet strategy                   | SEDIA / AESIA                                                              | No                                 | Gigafactory bid                                                                     | ALIA                                      | none             | UPDATED          |
| Ireland              | Digital Ireland (2026)                                 | cabinet strategy                   | Department of the Taoiseach; AI Office                                     | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Portugal             | Agenda Nacional de IA 2026–2030                        | cabinet strategy                   | Council of Ministers                                                       | No                                 | Gigafactory bid                                                                     | Amália                                    | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Poland               | Policy for AI Development (2020; 2030 draft)           | cabinet strategy                   | Ministry of Digital Affairs                                                | Yes (AI Systems Act 2026)          | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Czechia              | National AI Strategy 2030 (2024)                       | cabinet strategy                   | Ministry of Industry and Trade                                             | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Austria              | AI Mission Austria 2030 (2021)                         | cabinet strategy                   | Federal government                                                         | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Hungary              | AI Strategy (2025)                                     | cabinet strategy                   | Government AI commissioner                                                 | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Romania              | National AI Strategy 2024–2027                         | cabinet strategy                   | Interministerial commission                                                | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Luxembourg           | AI Strategy (2025)                                     | cabinet strategy                   | Ministry of Digitalisation                                                 | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Malta                | Ultimate AI Launchpad (2019, realigned 2025)           | ministerial plan                   | Malta Digital Innovation Authority                                         | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Slovenia             | National Strategy for AI to 2030, NsUI 2030 (2026)     | cabinet strategy                   | Ministry of Digital Transformation                                         | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Belgium              | National Convergence Plan for AI (2022)                | cabinet strategy                   | FPS BOSA / FPS Economy                                                     | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Cyprus               | National AI Strategy (2020)                            | cabinet strategy                   | Chief Scientist / National AI Taskforce                                    | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Serbia               | Strategy for Development of AI 2025–2030               | cabinet strategy                   | Government of Serbia                                                       | No                                 | National AI Platform, Government Data Centre                                        | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Bulgaria             | Concept for the Development of AI until 2030 (2020)    | cabinet strategy                   | Ministry of Transport and Communications                                   | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Denmark              | Strategic Approach to AI (2024)                        | cabinet strategy                   | Digitaliseringsstyrelsen                                                   | No                                 | Gefion (foundation-funded, 15 per cent state stake)                                 | Danish models                             | none             | UPDATED          |
| Estonia              | AI and Data Action Plan 2024–2026                      | ministerial plan                   | MKM; Government Office (Eesti.ai)                                          | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | UPDATED          |
| Finland              | Government programme (no standalone strategy)          | cabinet strategy                   | Ministry of Transport and Communications                                   | No                                 | LUMI; Gigafactory bid                                                               | none                                      | none             | UNCHANGED        |
| Norway               | National Strategy for AI (2020)                        | cabinet strategy                   | Ministry of Digitalisation                                                 | No                                 | none                                                                                | Norwegian models                          | none             | UNCHANGED        |
| Sweden               | AI Strategy and Action Plan (2026)                     | cabinet strategy                   | Government Offices; Digg, PTS                                              | No                                 | none                                                                                | Swedish models (coordinator)              | none             | NEW DOCUMENT     |
| Iceland              | AI Action Plan 2025–2027                               | cabinet strategy                   | Prime Minister's Office                                                    | No                                 | none                                                                                | Icelandic language technology             | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Australia            | National AI Plan (2025)                                | cabinet strategy                   | Department of Industry                                                     | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | Yes              | NEW DOCUMENT     |
| India                | IndiaAI Mission (2024)                                 | cabinet strategy                   | MeitY                                                                      | No                                 | 58,000 GPUs (announced)                                                             | none                                      | Yes              | UPDATED          |
| Japan                | Second AI Basic Plan (2026)                            | cabinet strategy under statute     | Cabinet Office AI Strategy HQ                                              | Yes (promotion only, no penalties) | none                                                                                | none                                      | Yes              | NEW DOCUMENT     |
| South Korea          | AI Action Plan (2026)                                  | cabinet strategy under statute     | National AI Strategy Committee / MSIT                                      | Yes (Framework Act 2026)           | 52,000 GPUs by 2028; 260,000 by 2030                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW DOCUMENT     |
| Taiwan               | AI Basic Act (2025)                                    | statute                            | NSTC / MODA                                                                | Yes                                | NT$311 billion 2026 budget                                                          | none                                      | none             | NEW DOCUMENT     |
| New Zealand          | Strategy for AI (2025)                                 | cabinet strategy                   | MBIE                                                                       | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Pakistan             | National AI Policy 2025                                | cabinet strategy                   | MoITT / AI Council                                                         | No                                 | National AI compute grid (mandated)                                                 | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Nepal                | National AI Policy 2025                                | cabinet strategy                   | AI Regulation Council                                                      | No                                 | National AI Centre                                                                  | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Russia               | National Strategy for AI to 2030 (2019, amended 2024)  | decree                             | Presidential AI Commission                                                 | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | UPDATED          |
| Türkiye              | AI Action Plan 2026–2030                               | decree (presidential circular)     | Ministry of Industry and Technology                                        | No                                 | Data and computing infrastructure                                                   | none                                      | none             | NEW DOCUMENT     |
| Ukraine              | Concept of AI Development to 2030 (2020)               | cabinet strategy                   | Ministry of Digital Transformation; Brave1                                 | No                                 | AI Factory; WINWIN centre                                                           | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Azerbaijan           | AI Strategy 2025–2028                                  | decree (Presidential Order)        | IDDA                                                                       | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Kazakhstan           | Concept for AI Development 2024–2029                   | cabinet strategy                   | Ministry of AI and Digital Development                                     | Yes (Law 230-VIII, 2026)           | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Uzbekistan           | Strategy for AI Development to 2030 (2024)             | decree                             | Ministry of Digital Technologies                                           | No                                 | Ten AI laboratories                                                                 | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Indonesia            | National AI Strategy 2020–2045                         | ministerial plan                   | Ministry of Communication and Digital                                      | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | UPDATED          |
| Malaysia             | National AI Action Plan 2026–2030                      | cabinet strategy                   | AI Malaysia Berhad / Ministry of Digital                                   | No (bill in consultation)          | none                                                                                | none                                      | Yes              | NEW DOCUMENT     |
| Philippines          | NAIS-PH (2025); NAISR 2.0 (2024)                       | cabinet strategy                   | DOST / DTI                                                                 | No                                 | NAICRI research centre                                                              | none                                      | none             | UPDATED          |
| Thailand             | National AI Strategy and Action Plan 2022–2027         | cabinet strategy                   | National AI Committee                                                      | No (draft Act)                     | ฿25 billion programme; nine centres of excellence                                   | ThaiLLM                                   | none             | UPDATED          |
| Vietnam              | National Strategy on AI to 2030 (2026)                 | decree (PM decision)               | Ministry of Science and Technology                                         | Yes (Law on AI, 2026)              | none                                                                                | Eight Vietnamese-language models (target) | none             | NEW DOCUMENT     |
| Saudi Arabia         | National Strategy for Data and AI (2020)               | cabinet strategy                   | SDAIA; Humain                                                              | No                                 | Humain, 6.6 GW ten-year target                                                      | none                                      | none             | UPDATED          |
| United Arab Emirates | National Strategy for AI 2031 (2017)                   | cabinet strategy                   | Minister of State for AI                                                   | No                                 | Stargate UAE, 1 GW in 5 GW campus                                                   | none                                      | none             | UPDATED          |
| Israel               | National AI plan (2026)                                | cabinet strategy                   | National AI Directorate, PMO                                               | No                                 | National supercomputer on Nebius capacity (live); up to 100,000 processors (intent) | none                                      | none             | NEW DOCUMENT     |
| Iran                 | National AI Document (2024)                            | cabinet strategy (Supreme Council) | Vice-presidential AI headquarters                                          | No (bill pending)                  | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | UPDATED          |
| Egypt                | National AI Strategy, Second Edition (2025)            | cabinet strategy                   | National AI Council / MCIT                                                 | No                                 | Africa Data Centres Egypt, 200 MW, up to US$1 billion (private pledge)              | Karnak Chat; BelMasry                     | none             | UNCHANGED        |
| Qatar                | National AI Strategy (2019)                            | ministerial plan                   | AI Committee; Qai                                                          | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Oman                 | National Programme for AI 2024–2026                    | ministerial plan                   | MTCIT                                                                      | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Jordan               | AI Strategy and Implementation Plan 2023–2027          | cabinet strategy                   | MoDEE                                                                      | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Morocco              | Maroc IA 2030 (2026)                                   | ministerial plan                   | Ministry of Digital Transition                                             | No                                 | none                                                                                | Mistral AI joint laboratory               | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Mexico               | Plan Nacional de IA (2026)                             | ministerial plan (agency)          | ATDT                                                                       | No                                 | Coatlicue, MXN 6 billion, 14,480 GPUs                                               | none                                      | none             | NEW DOCUMENT     |
| Argentina            | Plan Nacional de IA (2019)                             | ministerial plan                   | Secretariat of Innovation                                                  | No                                 | Stargate Argentina (private pledge)                                                 | none                                      | none             | UNCHANGED        |
| Chile                | Política Nacional de IA 2021–2030 (rev. 2025)          | ministerial plan                   | Ministry of Science                                                        | No (bill in Senate)                | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | UPDATED          |
| Colombia             | CONPES 4144 (2025)                                     | cabinet strategy                   | DNP / MinTIC                                                               | No (bill refiled as PL 025/2026)   | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | UPDATED          |
| Brazil               | Plano Brasileiro de IA 2024–2028                       | cabinet strategy                   | MCTI                                                                       | No (PL 2338 stalled)               | Santos Dumont expansion, R$1.8 billion (budgeted)                                   | none                                      | none             | UPDATED          |
| Uruguay              | Estrategia Nacional de IA 2024–2030                    | cabinet strategy                   | Agesic                                                                     | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Peru                 | Estrategia Nacional de IA 2026–2030                    | decree (supreme decree)            | PCM / SGTD                                                                 | Yes (Law 31814, 2023)              | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Costa Rica           | Estrategia Nacional de IA 2024–2027                    | ministerial plan                   | MICITT                                                                     | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Dominican Republic   | ENIA (2023)                                            | decree (Decreto 498-23)            | OGTIC                                                                      | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Ecuador              | EFIA-EC 2025–2029                                      | ministerial plan                   | Ministry of Telecommunications                                             | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Panama               | Estrategia Nacional de IA (2026)                       | cabinet strategy                   | Senacyt                                                                    | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Cuba                 | Strategy for the Development and Use of AI (2024)      | cabinet strategy                   | MINCOM                                                                     | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Nigeria              | National AI Strategy (2025)                            | ministerial plan                   | FMCIDE / NITDA                                                             | No (four bills pending)            | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | UPDATED          |
| South Africa         | National AI Policy Framework (2024)                    | ministerial plan                   | DCDT                                                                       | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | UPDATED          |
| Kenya                | Kenya AI Strategy 2025–2030                            | ministerial plan                   | Ministry of ICT                                                            | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Ghana                | National AI Strategy 2025–2035                         | cabinet strategy                   | Responsible AI Authority (proposed); national AI Office                    | No (bill planned)                  | US$250 million AI Computing Centre (announced, unfinanced)                          | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Ethiopia             | National AI Policy (2024)                              | cabinet strategy                   | Ethiopian AI Institute                                                     | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Zambia               | National AI Strategy 2024–2026                         | ministerial plan                   | National AI Council                                                        | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Benin                | AI and Big Data Strategy 2023–2027                     | cabinet strategy                   | Council of Ministers                                                       | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Senegal              | SNIA (2023)                                            | ministerial plan                   | Ministry of Digital Economy                                                | No                                 | Senegal AI Factory (announced)                                                      | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Rwanda               | National AI Policy (2023)                              | cabinet strategy                   | MINICT; National AI Agency                                                 | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |
| Mauritius            | AI for Mauritius, AIM (2026)                           | ministerial plan                   | Ministry of Information Technology, Communication and Innovation (AI Unit) | No                                 | none                                                                                | none                                      | none             | NEW (added 2026) |

## Credibility: Funded, Adopted, Paper

Three tiers, each with one test applied to the evidence in the entries above. Funded: the entry records public money appropriated or budgeted, a standing institution and at least one delivered item. Adopted: the entry records a government-adopted document and at least one institution or named programme, but no public funding figure or an acknowledged gap between plan and delivery. Paper: the entry records a document and little else, whether an unfunded plan, an expired or withdrawn horizon or an institution that exists only on the page.

Funded and institutionally backed (23). The US, China, the UK, France, Singapore, Canada, Germany, Italy, Spain, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, India, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Israel, Malaysia, Thailand, Denmark, Estonia, Portugal, Czechia and Brazil. Each has all three: an appropriated, budgeted or formally proposed line (Korea's ₩9.9 trillion proposed for 2026, Thailand's ฿25 billion framework, Portugal's €400 million, Czechia's CZK 19 billion action-plan projection, the NIS 3 billion national AI budget Israel's Directorate administers); a dedicated agency or minister with staff and money; and commissioned capacity or a delivered programme (Israel's national supercomputer, Singapore's ASPIRE 2B, India's first 38,000 GPUs, Denmark's Gefion). Brazil sits at the edge of this tier: its R$23 billion envelope is budgeted but disbursement reporting is thin, and Israel's budget is unitemised.

Adopted but under-resourced (33). Australia, the Netherlands, Ireland, Poland, Hungary, Sweden (whose new money founders writing in Sifted call 'a Series A'), Finland, Norway, Iceland, Russia (a presidential commission but no funding figure recorded), Egypt, Türkiye, Kazakhstan, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines, Mexico (one budgeted supercomputer, no regulation), Chile, Colombia, Peru, Nigeria (no compute funding), Ghana (centre financing unconfirmed), Rwanda, Morocco, Qatar and Serbia. The EU members added this year (Austria, Romania, Luxembourg, Malta, Slovenia, Belgium, Cyprus) also belong here: their documents are adopted and reviewed, but the entries record no national funding commitment beyond EU programmes.

Paper (24). Bulgaria (a 2020 Concept with no budget or action plan published), Argentina (a 2019 plan superseded in practice by a deregulation stance and an unfinanced data-centre pledge), South Africa (a 2024 framework whose successor was withdrawn), Zambia (a 2024–2026 strategy expiring without a successor), the Dominican Republic (OGTIC's own admission of delays and resource shortages), Mauritius (a 2026 strategy with no funding or targets published), Iran (ambition 'far ahead of capacity' with a pending bill), Ukraine's civilian concept (the 2020 document is formal; the real programme is military), New Zealand (a 2025 strategy with voluntary guidance and no funded programme recorded), Pakistan (a compute grid mandated but unfunded) and the smaller strategies of Nepal, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Oman, Jordan, Cuba, Uruguay, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Kenya, Ethiopia, Benin and Senegal, for which the entries record adoption but no delivery evidence. Paper is not the same as unimportant: several of these countries wrote their strategies to unlock development finance or AU and EU programmes, and GINC expects some will move tiers within a year.

## Defence and Dual Use

Several of the 2026 strategies are more openly military than their predecessors. Ukraine is the clearest case: its [Brave1 cluster](https://www.thecairoreview.com/essays/governing-ai-under-fire-in-ukraine/?ref=ginc.org) has moved AI targeting from experiment to [routine procurement](https://oecd.ai/en/incidents/2026-09-08-979a?ref=ginc.org), and its civilian AI strategy is secondary to the drone programme. Israel's [National AI Directorate](https://www.calcalistech.com/ctechnews/article/ab6v2b1ra?ref=ginc.org) is headed by a retired brigadier general from military intelligence, its post was classified a 'security position' and its new AI institute is led by a former IDF official, reflecting a defence-technology base that the national plan is designed to retain. Italy's Law 132/2025 calls for Defence involvement on dual-use systems, and the [prime ministerial decree constituting the committee](https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/l-ai-entra-nella-stanza-dei-bottoni-cosi-palazzo-chigi-riscrive-la-strategia-nazionale-con-la-difesa-202606091418228724?ref=ginc.org) writing the 2026–2028 strategy gives the Ministry of Defence a seat and places the work under official secrecy. [Russia's new presidential AI commission](https://meduza.io/en/news/2026/02/26/putin-appoints-fsb-chief-defense-minister-and-his-ex-bodyguard-to-newly-created-ai-commission?ref=ginc.org) seats the defence minister and the FSB director.

The United States frames the [Genesis Mission](https://www.hklaw.com/en/insights/publications/2025/12/genesis-mission-seeks-to-bolster-scientific-discovery-national?ref=ginc.org) as 'comparable in urgency and ambition to the Manhattan Project', with nuclear-stockpile reliability and 'defense-ready' materials among its stated objectives and the Department of Energy's weapons laboratories as its backbone. China's 'AI Plus' Opinions mention national security only once, in a governance clause on 'maintaining and shaping national security'; the operative doctrine remains the [2017 plan's](https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/full-translation-chinas-new-generation-artificial-intelligence-development-plan-2017/?ref=ginc.org) call for 'an all-element, multi-field, high efficiency AI military-civilian integration pattern', which the Five-Year Plan's chip priorities serve. In North Korea the priorities that receive leadership attention in state media are unmanned weapons and drone production; cyber and IT-worker revenue operations are documented by the UN Panel of Experts and allied threat reporting; state media also covers AI in education, translation and factory automation, which GINC reads as secondary. The absence of any published strategy is itself the finding, and the programme should be read as the nuclear programme is read, by capability rather than by governance. In the Gulf, the compute campuses depend on US export licences that [carry security conditions](https://www.semafor.com/article/10/10/2025/g42-leans-on-security-in-us-chip-talks?ref=ginc.org): Western-only hardware, physical separation of compute from ancillary systems, real-time telemetry, screening of staff and a bar on Chinese nationals at facilities; G42 and Humain each received licences for up to 35,000 GB300-equivalent chips in [November 2025](https://www.thenationalnews.com/future/technology/2025/11/20/uae-ai-nvidia-chips-us/?ref=ginc.org) under those terms. For the Gulf campuses and the licensed-vendor projects in Egypt and Ghana, the binding constraint is a security clearance, not a budget.

## Announced Compute

The table, as at 7 October 2026, includes every compute project in the entries above for which a capacity, size or sum and a financing position are both stated. 'Stated size' is the project size as announced; 'commissioned' is what the entries record as operating; 'financing status' uses the six number types defined in the Notes (commitment, envelope, private pledge, announced capacity, budgeted and projection), plus 'proposal' where a figure has been put forward but not appropriated. 'None recorded' is the one wording used for an empty cell and means the entries give no figure. Export-licence dependency refers to US controls on advanced chips.

| Country        | Project                                                                                                                                | Stated size                                                                              | Commissioned to date                        | Financing status                                                                                                                         | Export-licence dependency                                                                                                                                                                        |
| -------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| UAE            | Stargate UAE within the UAE–US AI Campus, Abu Dhabi                                                                                    | 1 GW cluster in a 5 GW campus                                                            | None recorded; first 200 MW due 2026        | Private pledge (OpenAI, G42 and partners)                                                                                                | High; [licensed November 2025 (up to 35,000 GB300-equivalents each)](https://www.thenationalnews.com/future/technology/2025/11/20/uae-ai-nvidia-chips-us/?ref=ginc.org) with security conditions |
| Saudi Arabia   | Humain data centres, Riyadh and Dammam                                                                                                 | 6.6 GW ten-year target                                                                   | None recorded; first facilities due Q2 2026 | Private pledge (PIF-owned Humain)                                                                                                        | High; [licensed November 2025 (up to 35,000 GB300-equivalents each)](https://www.thenationalnews.com/future/technology/2025/11/20/uae-ai-nvidia-chips-us/?ref=ginc.org) with security conditions |
| United Kingdom | Compute Roadmap; AI Research Resource; Edinburgh supercomputer                                                                         | 20-fold AIRR expansion (21 to 420 AI exaflops by 2030); up to £750 million supercomputer | Existing AIRR (21 AI exaflops)              | Envelope (up to £2 billion of public money to 2030, over £1 billion of it for the AIRR)                                                  | Low (allied access)                                                                                                                                                                              |
| Canada         | Compute Access Fund; national build-out                                                                                                | 850 MW by 2030; public supercomputer                                                     | None recorded                               | Commitment (C$700 million Compute Access Fund)                                                                                           | Low (allied access)                                                                                                                                                                              |
| South Korea    | National GPU pool                                                                                                                      | 52,000 GPUs by 2028; 260,000 by 2030                                                     | None recorded                               | Proposal (₩9.9 trillion for 2026, Presidential AI Strategy Council); envelope (₩150 trillion National Growth Fund, public–private)       | Low to moderate (allied access)                                                                                                                                                                  |
| India          | IndiaAI Mission subsidised compute                                                                                                     | 58,000 GPUs                                                                              | 38,000 GPUs                                 | Commitment (IndiaAI Mission subsidy); announced capacity for the additional 20,000                                                       | Moderate; US-origin chips                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Taiwan         | AI New Ten Major Constructions                                                                                                         | None recorded (programme, not a capacity figure)                                         | None recorded                               | Budgeted (NT$311 billion for 2026)                                                                                                       | Low (allied access; domestic fabrication)                                                                                                                                                        |
| Germany        | National Data Centre Strategy; Gigafactory bid                                                                                         | Quadruple AI and HPC compute by 2030 (target)                                            | Existing national HPC                       | None recorded (measures 'subject to available budgetary funds')                                                                          | Low (allied access)                                                                                                                                                                              |
| Denmark        | Gefion supercomputer                                                                                                                   | 1,528 Nvidia H100 GPUs                                                                   | Launched October 2024                       | Private pledge (delivered) (Novo Nordisk Foundation) with a 15 per cent state stake (EIFO)                                               | Low (allied access)                                                                                                                                                                              |
| Mexico         | Coatlicue supercomputer, IPN                                                                                                           | 14,480 GPUs; 314 petaflops                                                               | None recorded; under construction           | Budgeted (MXN 6 billion)                                                                                                                 | Moderate; US-origin chips                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Brazil         | Santos Dumont supercomputer expansion, LNCC                                                                                            | None recorded (sum only)                                                                 | Existing Santos Dumont system               | Budgeted (R$1.8 billion within the R$23 billion PBIA envelope)                                                                           | Moderate; US-origin chips                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Argentina      | Stargate Argentina, Patagonia                                                                                                          | 500 MW; US$25 billion                                                                    | None recorded                               | Private pledge (Sur Energy; no RIGI filing recorded, no OpenAI capital)                                                                  | Moderate; US-origin chips                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Egypt          | Africa Data Centres Egypt (Vodafone Business, El Sewedy Electric, Cassava); separate Vodafone Business–Cassava Nvidia GPU-as-a-service | 20 MW within three years; 200 MW; up to US$1 billion                                     | None recorded                               | Private pledge (up to US$200 million first phase, September 2026)                                                                        | High; Nvidia chips require licences                                                                                                                                                              |
| Ghana          | AI Computing Centre                                                                                                                    | None recorded (US$250 million sum, no capacity stated)                                   | None recorded                               | Announced capacity (financing unconfirmed; the US$20 million implementation allocation (commitment) covers the strategy, not the centre) | High; GPU supply via licensed vendors                                                                                                                                                            |
| Israel         | National supercomputer on leased Nebius capacity (Telem programme); processor purchase                                                 | Up to 100,000 Nvidia processors (statement of intent)                                    | Supercomputer activated January 2026        | Commitment (NIS 3 billion national AI budget for 2026 administered by the Directorate, unitemised); processor purchase: none recorded    | Low (allied access)                                                                                                                                                                              |

## What to Watch Next

First, GINC expects the compute race will be decided by power, not plans. The EU's Gigafactory awards (early 2027), the first 200 MW of Stargate UAE, Humain's Riyadh and Dammam sites, Mexico's Coatlicue build and Korea's 52,000-GPU target all come due in 2027–28\. GINC expects grid connections, water and chip export licences will determine which announced capacity becomes commissioned capacity. GINC expects more national campuses financed by sovereign wealth funds and hyperscalers in exchange for market access.

Second, GINC expects the regulatory split to widen before it narrows. The high-risk obligations deferred by the EU Digital Omnibus on AI now land after Korea's and Vietnam's laws are fully enforced, Italy's Law 132 decrees, Poland's KRiBSI regime, Taiwan's MODA risk framework and Thailand's draft Act. GINC expects the United States to spend 2027 litigating federal pre-emption against California's SB 53 and Colorado's delayed law, and Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Malaysia, Nigeria and the Philippines all have AI bills in play. The practical question is interoperability: whether a model cleared in Seoul or Brussels is recognised elsewhere.

Third, strategy is becoming institution. Eleven countries in this review have created a dedicated AI minister, directorate, agency or presidential committee since 2025: Canada, Germany, Ireland, Kazakhstan, Israel, Malaysia, Qatar, Ghana, Rwanda, Russia and South Korea; Iran's bill for a National AI Organisation is not enacted and is not counted. Watch for successor documents already scheduled: Italy's 2026–2028 strategy (by January 2027), South Africa's rewritten policy (Cabinet in November 2026), Austria's new strategy (first half of 2027), Poland's 2030 policy, Belgium's updated plan, Cyprus's 2032 strategy, Croatia's 2032 plan, Indonesia's presidential regulations and Bangladesh's, Cambodia's and Kuwait's drafts.

Fourth, national language models have become a standard line item, and GINC expects agentic government to be the next one. ALIA, Amália, ThaiLLM, Karnak Chat, BelMasry, the Swedish, Danish, Norwegian and Icelandic programmes, Vietnam's target of eight models and Morocco's Mistral laboratory all appeared or scaled in 2025–26\. The early cases are Singapore's agentic-AI framework, the UAE's Cabinet AI Advisor, France's civil-service assistant, Estonia's Eesti.ai and Denmark's 30,000-position target.

Finally, the governance architecture has multiplied rather than consolidated. The UN scientific panel and Global Dialogue, the renamed measurement-and-evaluation network, the New Delhi Declaration, China's WAICO and the African Union's continental strategy all claim legitimacy. The next summit in the Seoul–Paris–New Delhi sequence and the UN's second Global Dialogue in New York (May 2027) will test whether these forums converge on standards or harden into blocs; GINC expects blocs.

## Notes on Sources, Method and Recency

Method. The count of 80 follows one rule: a country is counted when its government has adopted a national AI strategy, policy, plan or statute and a public document exists. 'Government-adopted' means approval by cabinet, council of ministers, head of government or head of state, or else enactment by the legislature. A plan issued by a ministry or national agency is counted on one test: it must be the government's operative national AI document and either be endorsed by cabinet or carry a budget or an action plan. Each entry marked 'ministerial plan' in the matrix is counted because the document is the operative national document endorsed by cabinet or carrying a budget or action plan; the matrix Legal form column notes '(cabinet-endorsed)' where an entry records that endorsement, and none of this edition's ministerial plans does, so each is counted on its budget or action plan. Lithuania's April 2026 guidelines fail the test because no action plan yet exists. No activity test is applied: an adopted document with a public text is counted whatever has followed it, which is why Bulgaria's 2020 Concept is counted this year. Supranational strategies, including the EU's AI Continent Action Plan and Apply AI Strategy, are out of scope; only national documents count. One exception remains from the 2025 edition: Finland has no standalone national AI strategy and is retained as a functional equivalent (its government programme and AI Act implementation) for continuity with the 2025 count, so the index covers 80 countries and 79 public documents. The Netherlands is counted on its cabinet-published International AI Strategy (July 2026) as its primary document. North Korea was counted in 2025 on reported programmes; the 2026 rule requires a public document and none exists, so it is shown hatched but not counted among the 39 retained countries. The remaining UN members were screened through OECD.AI and the AU and ECLAC trackers; no adopted national document was traced.

Status flags. NEW DOCUMENT means a new primary strategy, plan or statute issued since August 2025\. UPDATED means a material programme, law or institutional change under an existing primary document. UNCHANGED means neither. NEW (added 2026) means new to GINC's index whatever the document's age, with the year given in the entry. The flag tracks the primary document, not the programme, which is why Egypt is UNCHANGED despite new models and a privately pledged data centre, Estonia is UPDATED because Eesti.ai is a programme rather than a strategy text, Denmark is UPDATED because the 2025 edition cited a superseded 2019 document and its December 2024 replacement pre-dates August 2025, Brazil is UPDATED because its July 2024 plan also pre-dates August 2025 even though the 2025 edition cited the earlier EBIA, Singapore is NEW DOCUMENT because Smart Nation lists the May 2026 Update to NAIS as a strategy document in its own right and Nigeria is UPDATED because its strategy was in use from the first half of 2025, before the August 2025 baseline, with only the final text following in September 2025\. Across the 39 retained countries the flags are: NEW DOCUMENT 14 (China, Canada, Netherlands, Sweden, Australia, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Vietnam, Israel, Türkiye, Mexico, Singapore); UPDATED 21 (United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Denmark, Estonia, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran, Russia, Nigeria, South Africa, Chile, Colombia, Brazil); UNCHANGED 4 (Finland, Norway, Egypt, Argentina).

Why 41 countries were absent in 2025\. The 2025 edition reviewed the 40 largest or most active AI economies, of which 39 are retained. This edition widened the scope to every adopted national strategy GINC could find and verify, which is why most of the additions carry documents dated 2019–2025 rather than 2026.

Regions. Global Leaders (5), Europe and Canada (19), Nordic–Baltic (6), Indo-Pacific (8), Eurasia (6), Southeast Asia (5), Middle East and North Africa (9), Latin America (12) and Sub-Saharan Africa (10). The 2025 edition's BRICS+ group has been dissolved: Brazil moves to Latin America, South Africa to Sub-Saharan Africa and Russia and Türkiye to Eurasia with Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Belgium is counted on its 2022 federal plan, not on the September 2026 update, which awaits adoption.

Considered but not counted. Lithuania (National AI Strategic Guidelines 2026–2035, April 2026, issued by the Ministry of the Economy and Innovation; fails the ministerial-plan test because no action plan yet exists and there is no government resolution). Mongolia (the draft [National Strategy for Big Data and AI 2026–2030](https://cabinet.gov.mn/en/10843.html?ref=ginc.org) was endorsed by cabinet on 24 September 2025 with instructions to fold its objectives, measures and indicators into the 2026–2030 five-year development plan; parliamentary adoption is unconfirmed per UNDP and Montsame). Croatia (National Plan for the Development of AI to 2032 with a 2026–2028 action plan, still in draft under the Ministry of Justice, Public Administration and Digital Transformation). Slovakia (AI is governed inside the Digital Transformation Strategy 2030 and the Action Plan for Digital Transformation 2023–2026; no standalone national AI strategy). Switzerland (sector-specific regulation and the Apertus open model, no national strategy). Greece (an advisory Blueprint, not cabinet-adopted). Latvia (a 2020 informational report). Bangladesh (draft National AI Policy 2026–2030 under consultation). Sri Lanka (a 2024 draft and a National AI Fund, no adopted strategy). Cambodia (consultation draft). Kuwait (a 2025–2028 strategy published explicitly as a draft). Bahrain (a July 2025 policy on government use of AI rather than a national strategy). Algeria (a strategy examined by government in May 2026, adoption unconfirmed). Tunisia (announced since 2018, not adopted). Côte d'Ivoire (strategy presented March 2025, adoption unconfirmed). Uganda (draft). Tanzania (guideline only). Paraguay (no strategy). Guatemala (strategy expected late 2026). Jamaica (a National AI Task Force is drafting a policy; [public consultation was due to open in September 2026](https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/business/20260816/new-ai-platform-launches-ja-prepares-public-debate-ai-rules?ref=ginc.org)). Sierra Leone (an [AI readiness assessment precedes any draft](https://www.ecofinagency.com/news-digital/2605-55944-sierra-leone-advances-national-ai-strategy-to-support-digital-expansion?ref=ginc.org); no strategy drafted). Armenia (a strategy is [in development under the Ministry of High-Tech Industry](https://eufordigital.eu/armenia-outlines-strategic-resources-and-priorities-for-ai-driven-future/?ref=ginc.org); not adopted). Georgia (no adopted strategy; a 2023 academic working group's guiding principles only). Kyrgyzstan (a [draft Concept of AI Development](https://24.kg/english/342736%5FConcept%5Fof%5Fartificial%5Fintelligence%5Fdevelopment%5Fdiscussed%5Fin%5FBishkek?ref=ginc.org) was discussed by the National Council in September 2025; not adopted). Bolivia (no strategy; a [Senate-passed AI bill](https://dplnews.com/?p=293932&ref=ginc.org) would require one within 180 days of enactment). Lebanon (no adopted strategy; a law creating a Ministry of AI and Technology was [referred to joint parliamentary committees in July 2026](https://smex.org/our-thoughts-on-lebanons-new-ai-and-technology-ministry/?ref=ginc.org)). North Korea (no published strategy).

Sources and recency. All references link to the most recent major government strategy, plan or statute available in English, or to an authoritative translation or official record (OECD.AI, CSET, DigiChina) where the government site was unavailable, with reputable press or law-firm coverage used only where a primary page could not be reached. Where a country has both a foundational strategy and a newer document, the newer one is presented first. Figures are labelled by type: commitment (appropriated or signed public money), envelope (a fund ceiling), private pledge, announced capacity, budgeted and projection, with proposal and framework used where a figure has been put forward or endorsed in outline but not appropriated. Research for this edition was completed on 7 October 2026\. Bold is used for country names only, as a design convention carried from the 2025 edition.

Sources consulted for this edition (in addition to the links in each entry): [EU Digital Omnibus on AI](https://www.lewissilkin.com/insights/2026/07/27/the-digital-omnibus-on-ai-enters-into-force-today-102nedo?ref=ginc.org); [EuroHPC AI Gigafactories call](https://digital-skills-jobs.europa.eu/en/latest/news/eu-ai-gigafactories-call-open-until-12-november-targeting-over-eu30-billion-investment?ref=ginc.org); [UN Independent International Scientific Panel on AI](https://www.un.org/independent-international-scientific-panel-ai/en/faq?ref=ginc.org); [International Network for Advanced AI Measurement, Evaluation and Science](https://babl.ai/international-ai-safety-coalition-renames-itself-to-emphasize-ai-evaluation-science/?ref=ginc.org); [World AI Cooperation Organization](https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/xw/zyjh/202607/t20260717%5F11984910.html?ref=ginc.org); [African Union Continental AI Strategy](https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20240828/african-union-committed-developing-ai-capabilities-africa?ref=ginc.org); [Genesis Mission executive order](https://www.hklaw.com/en/insights/publications/2025/12/genesis-mission-seeks-to-bolster-scientific-discovery-national?ref=ginc.org); [OECD.AI policy observatory](https://oecd.ai/en/dashboards/overview?ref=ginc.org).

*Editor's note (not for publication): primary texts still unopened are the Official Gazette circular for Türkiye's 2026–2030 Action Plan, the gov.il text of Israel's June 2026 cabinet decision, the official Korean release of the AI Action Plan, the Philippines' NAIS-PH document and Mexico's ATDT plan PDF, which blocks automated access. Senegal's adoption date rests on secondary sources.*